Characterization and Mutagenicity Assessment of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ PAH at Agra, India

Abstract

Fine airborne particulate matter and bound chemical compounds are potential mediators of adverse health effects. In this study, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were characterized for bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the mutagenic potential of extracts was assessed. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples were collected on glass fiber filters at Agra from July to December 2010 using a fine particulate sampler (Envirotech, APM 550). The content of PAH was analyzed by gas chromatography and the extract were tested for mutagenicity by the Ames test without using S_9. Individual PAH concentration varied from 13–172 ng m⁻³ with concentration for Chrysene and a dominance of low molecular weight compounds. Both PM and PAH concentrations were higher in the winter and were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated contributions from vehicular exhaust and emissions from combustion of domestic fuel like coal and wood. Mutagenicity assays indicated the presence of mutagens capable of causing base pair and frame shift mutagenicity; however, within the range of tested concentrations no significant toxic effects were detected.

Key Words:

• PM_2.5 PAH, PM₁₀ PAH, Ames Test, diagnostic ratio, mutagenicity, seasonal variation

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Director, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Agra, Head, Department of Chemistry, for providing necessary facilities and the Department of Science and Technology, DST project No.: SR/S4/AS : 282/07, New Delhi, for financial assistance.