Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

Figures & data

Table 1 Proposed list of 40 PAHs in the environment (40 EnvPAHs) for expanding the 16 EPA PAH list; x = affirmative, x? = possibly affirmative but not certain, (?) = doubtful, ? = unknown

		Toxicity Equivalence Factor (Benzo[a]- pyrene = 1; max. value)	Carcinogenicity (x = sufficient and limited evidence, 0 = inadequate evidence)	C = carcinogenic, G = genotoxic, M = mutagenic, E = increased eco-toxicity	At least one carcinogenic/mutagenic/celltoxic/EROD proof available	Commonly occurring in the environment?	Analytical separation possible?		Inclusion among the EU Food 15+1 PAHs
	Compound	[3]	[57]	[58]	[3]	Authors’ evaluation	Authors’ evaluation	16 EPA PAHs	[59]
40 EnvPAHs
1	Naphthalene	0.001	0	C, (M), (G)	x	x	x	x
2	2-Methylnaphthalene	?	?		?	x	x
3	1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene	?	?		?	x	x
4	Acenaphthylene		0	M, G	?	x	x	x
5	Acenaphthene		0	E	?	x	x	x
6	Fluorene		0	M, G	-	x	x	x
7	Phenanthrene	0.001	0	M, G	-	x	x	x
8	Anthracene	0	0	(M), (G)	?	x	x	x
9	2-Methylphenanthrene	?	?		?	x	x
10	9,10-Dimethylanthracene	?	?		?	x?	x
11	Retene	?	?		?	x	x
12	Fluoranthene	0.08	0	C, M, G, E	x	x	x	x
13	Pyrene	0.001	0	(M), (G), E	x	x	x	x
14	1-Methylpyrene	0.1	?		x	x	x?
15	Benzo[c]fluorene	20	x		x	x	x?		x
16	Chrysene	0.1	x	C, M, G, E	x	x	x	x	x
17	5-Methylchrysene	?	x		x	x	x		x
18	6-Methylbenzo[a]anthracene	?	?		x	x?	(?)		x
19	Benzo[a]anthracene	0.2	x		x	x	x	x
20	7,12-Dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene	20	?		x	x?	x?
21	Benzo[b]fluoranthene	0.8	x		x	x	x	x	x
22	Benzo[j+k]fluoranthene	0.2	x		x	x	x	k: x	x
23	Benzo[j]aceanthrylene	60	x		x	x?	?
24	Benzo[l]aceanthrylene	5	x		x	x?	?
25	Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene	0.4	x		x	x	x		x
26	Cyclopenta[def]chrysene	0.3	0		x	x?	x?
27	Benzo[a]pyrene	1	x	C, M, G, E	x	x	x	x	x
28	6-Methylbenzo[a]pyrene	?	?		?	x?	?
29	3-Methylcholanthrene	5.7	?		x	x?	x?
30	Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene	0.1	x		x	x	x	x	x
31	Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene	10	x		x	x	x	x	x
32	Dibenzo[a,c]anthracene	0.04-50	x		x	x?	x?
33	Benzo[ghi]perylene	0.009	0		?	x	x	x
34	Anthanthrene	0.4	x		x	x	x
35	Dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene	0.9	x		x	x	?
36	Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene	10	x		x	x	x		x
37	Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene	1	x		x	x	x		x
38	Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene	10	x		x	x	x		x
39	Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene	10	x		x	x	x		x
40	Naphtho[2,3-e]pyrene	0.3	0		x	x	?

Table 2 Proposed list of 23 NSO-heterocycles in the environment (23 NSO-Heterocycles) and additional metabolites; x = affirmative, x? = possibly affirmative but not certain, (?) = doubtful, ? = unknown

		Toxicity Equivalence Factor (Benzo[a]- pyrene = 1; max. value)	Carcinogenicity (x = sufficient and limited evidence, 0 = inadequate evidence)	C = carcinogenic, G = genotoxic, M = mutagenic, E = increased eco-toxicity L = effect in luminescence test	At least one carcinogenic/mutagenic/celltoxic/EROD proof available	Commonly occurring in the environment?	Analytical separation possible?	Modified KORA NSO-PAC list for contaminated sites
	Compound	[3]	[61, 62]	[58, 60]	[3]	Authors’ evaluation	Authors’ evaluation	[58, 60]
23 NSO-Heterocycles
	PAOH
1	Benzofuran		x	C, M, G		x	x	x
2	Methylbenzofurans				?	x	?	x
3	Dimethylbenzofurans				?	x	?	x
4	Dibenzofuran			M, G		x	x	x
5	Methyldibenzofuran			E	?	x	?	x
6	Xanthene			L		x	x	x
	PANH
7	Indole			L		x	x	x
8	Quinoline			C, M, G, L		x	x	x
9	Methylquinolines			C, M, G, E	x	?	?	x
10	Dimethylquinolines				?	x	?	x
11	Isoquinoline			M, G	x	x	x	x
12	Methylisochinolines			M, G	x	?	?	x
13	Carbazole		x	(C), (M), (G)		x	x	x
14	Phenanthridine				x	x	x	x
15	Acridine				x	x	x	x
16	Benzo[h]quinoline				x	?	?
17	Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole	1	x			x	?
18	Dibenzo[a,h]acridine	0.1	x			x	?
19	Dibenzo[a,j]acridine	0.1	x			x	?
	PASH
20	Benzothiophene			(G), E	?	x	x	x
21	Methylbenzothiophene			E	?	x	?	x
22	Dibenzothiophene		0					x
23	Methyldibenzothiophene							x
6 NSO-Heterocycles Metabolites
1	Quinolinone			M, G				x
2	Isoquinolinone							x
3	Methylquinolinones			G				x
4	Acridone			M, G	x	x	?	x
5	Phenanthridone			M, G	x	x	?	x
6	Xanthenone							x

Table 3 Proposed lists of oxy- and nitro-PAHs in the environment (10 Oxy-PAHs, 10 Nitro-PAHs) and additionally amino-PAH; x = affirmative, x? = possibly affirmative but not certain, (?) = doubtful, ? = unknown

		Toxicity Equivalence Factor (Benzo[a]- pyrene = 1; max. value)	Carcinogenicity (x = sufficient and limited evidence, 0 = inadequate evidence)	Commonly occurring in the environment?	Analytical separation possible?
	Compound	[3]	[3]	Authors’ evaluation	Authors’ evaluation
10 Oxy-PAHs
1	1-Indanone			x	?
2	Fluoren-9-one		x	x	?
3	Phenanthrene-9,10-dione		x	x	?
4	2-Methylanthracenedione			x	?
5	Cyclopenta[def]phenanthrenone			x	?
6	Benzo[a]fluorenone			x	?
7	Benzo[de]anthracene-7-one			x	?
8	Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione			x	?
9	Naphthacene-5,12-dione			x	?
10	Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one			x	?
10 Nitro-PAHs
1	2-Nitronaphthalene		x	x	?
2	3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene		x	x	?
3	3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene		x	x	?
4	1-Nitropyrene	0.1	x	x	?
5	4-Nitropyrene	0.1	x	x	?
6	1,6-Dinitropyrene	10	x	x	?
7	1,8-Dinitropyrene	1	x	x	?
8	6-Nitrochrysene	10	x	x	?
9	7-Nitrobenzo[a]anthracene		x	x	?
10	6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene		x	x	?
6 Amino-PAHs
1	1-Aminonaphthalene		x	x	?
2	2-Aminonaphthalene		x	x	?
3	Aminophenanthrenes		x	x	?
4	2-Aminoanthracene		x	x	?
5	Aminofluoranthenes		x	x	?
6	Aminopyrenes		x	x	?