A review of encapsulation of carotenoids using spray drying and freeze drying

Abstract

Carotenoids are potent antioxidants, but they are highly unstable and susceptible during processing and storage. Encapsulation technologies protect against degradation and are capable of releasing individual or combination of bioactive substances during processing as well as development of various functional food products. Moreover, encapsulating agents can be used to increase the stability of carotenoids and form a barrier between the core and wall materials. Suitable encapsulating agents, temperature, and drying methods are the most important factors for the encapsulation process. In this report, we reviewed the current status of encapsulation of carotenoids from different fruits, vegetables, spices, seaweeds, microorganisms, and synthetic sources using various types of encapsulating agents through spray drying and freeze drying. We also focused on the degradation kinetics and various factors that affect the stability and bioavailability of encapsulated carotenoids during their processing and storage.

Keywords:

• Carotenoids
• encapsulation
• spray drying
• freeze drying
• fruits
• vegetables

Additional information

Funding

The authors are grateful for financial support received from BK 21 Plus Program, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwanju, South Korea.