Dietary habits, lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease: From individual foods to dietary patterns

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality in Western countries. Among cardiometabolic risk factors, dyslipidemia, and especially high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, have been extensively linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and to CVD events. Recent evidence has shown that the prevention of unhealthy dietary habits and sedentarism is crucial in the management of dyslipidemia. In this sense, a number of scientific societies recommend the adherence to certain healthy dietary patterns (DPs), such as the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Portfolio diet, the Vegetarian diet, the Nordic diet and low-carbohydrate diets, as well as increased physical activity between others. This nutritional and lifestyle advice could be adopted by government bodies and implemented in different health programs as a reliable way of providing health-care professionals with efficient tools to manage cardiometabolic risk factors and thus, prevent CVD. In this narrative review, we will discuss recent data about the effects of nutrition on dyslipidemia, mainly focusing on high LDL-C concentrations and other lipid particles related to atherogenic dyslipidemia such as triglycerides (TG) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), that are related to CVD. On the other hand, we also comment on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), high blood pressure (HBP), inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This review includes food groups as well as different healthy DPs.

Keywords:

• Mediterranean diet
• low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
• healthy diet
• cardiovascular disease
• cardiometabolic risk factors

Acknowledgements

The CIBEROBN is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

Disclosure statement

F.G-D has given talks, attended conferences and participated in trials sponsored by Ferrer, Esteve, Mylan, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag, Amgen and Sanofi. N.K. has given talks, attended conferences and participated in trials sponsored by Amgen, Angelini, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mylan, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier and WinMedica. J.L-M has given talks and participated in trials sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb/Astra Zeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Ferrer, Esteve, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Amgen and Sanofi. P.P-M has given talks and participated in trials sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb/Astra Zeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Ferrer, Esteve, Mylan, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag, Amgen and Sanofi.