Recent developments on nanocomposites based on spinel ferrite and carbon nanotubes for applications in electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave absorption

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of an intelligent world, including wearable devices, intelligent bodies, and autonomous vehicles. EM absorption materials are a bridge connecting the micro and macro world. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of carbon nanotubes and spinel ferrite-based nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright 2019, ACS Publication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2021, RSC Publication.

Figure 3. Dependence of EM Wave Absorption Characteristics on Impedance Matching.

Figure 4. RL curves of Fe₃O₄ sample (a), Fe₃O₄/3 wt% CNTs (b), Fe₃O₄/5 wt% CNTs (c), and Fe₃O₄/7 wt% CNTs (d) composites. The dependence of t_m on f_m for Fe₃O₄ sample (e) and Fe₃O₄/CNTs composites (f–h) at wavelengths of l/4 and 3 l/4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2017. RSC Publication.

Table 1. Summary of recent progress on carbon nanotube and Fe₃O₄ based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	Fe3O4/5 wt% CNTs	2–18 GHz	4.4 mm	−51.32 dB	[52]
2.	Fe3O4/CNTs	2–18 GHz	2.15 mm	−56.8 dB	[54]
3.	Fe3O4/MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	4 mm and 2 mm	−36 dB	[67]
4.	Fe3O4/ MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	6.8 mm	−52.8 dB	[68]
5.	Fe3O4/ MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	3.4 mm	−41.61 dB	[69]
6.	SiO2@Fe3O4/MWCNT	8–12 GHz	4 mm	−41dB	[70]

Figure 5. (a) The frequency-dependent Z values of Fe₃O₄ sample and Fe₃O₄/CNTs composites. (b) Image of the real product for the absorber. (c, d) Scheme of primary EM microwave attenuation processes involved in Fe₃O₄/CNTs composites absorber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2017. RSC Publication.

Figure 6. The 2-D RL (a, b) and 3-D RL (e, f) curves for Fe₃O₄ (a, e) and Fe₃O₄/5CNTs (b, f). Corresponding tm dependences of f_m at wavelengths of λ/4 and 3λ/4 (c, d). 2-D RL curves for Fe₃O₄/3CNTs (g) and Fe₃O₄/7CNTs (h). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 7. (a) Color map of the RL values calculated from the measured electromagnetic parameters, and (b) dependence of l/4 thickness on frequency for the nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2016. RSC Publication.

Table 2. Summary of recent progress on carbon nanotube and CoFe₂O₄ based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	CoFe2O4/MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	4.2 mm	−50.80 dB	[58]
2.	CoFe2O4/MWCNTs		1.5 mm	−46.65 dB	[60]
3.	CoFe2O4/CNTs	2–18 GHz	1.7 mm	−37.39 dB	[61]
4.	CoFe2O4/MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	1.9 mm	−36.52 dB	[78]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram explaining synthesis of CoFe₂O₄/MWCNTs composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 9. (a) Frequency-dependence RL with different thicknesses, (b) simulations of the t_m versus f_m under the 1/4 λ model, and (c) impedance matching (Z) as a function of frequency with different thicknesses for S2 composite. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 10. Schematic illustration of the possible microwave absorption mechanisms of CoFe₂O₄/MWCNT composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Table 3. Summary of recent progress on carbon nanotube and NiFe₂O₄ based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness (mm)	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	NiFe2O4/MWCNTs	2–18 GHz	1.5 mm	−19 dB	[80]

Figure 11. The reflection loss of the Mg_0.6Ni_0.4Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles (NP: x = 0.0) and Mg_0.6-xNi_0.4Cu_xFe₂O₄-MWCNT nanocomposites (NC: x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2019. Elsevier Publication.

Table 4. Summary of recent progress on carbon nanotube and mixed spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	Mg-Ni spinel ferrite-MWCNT /Cu	8–18 GHz	1.5 mm	−39.72 dB	[82]
2.	MWCNTs/Ni0.5Zn0.5Nd0.04Fe1.96O4	2–18 GHz	1.6 mm	−35.05 dB	[83]
3.	MWCNTs/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4	8–12 GHz	3 mm	−19.34 dB	[84]
4.	Ni0.3Zn0.4Co0.2Cu0.1Fe2O4/ MWCNTs	8–18 GHz	1 mm	−25.71 dB	[85]
5.	Li0.3Zn0.4Fe2.3O4@CNT	0.2–20 GHz	5 mm	−34 dB	[87]

Figure 12. Reflection loss with a series of thickness, contour maps of reflection loss, and three-dimensional reflection loss for (a–c) S0, (d–f) S1, (g–i) S2, (j–l) S3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2021. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 13. (a) Reflection loss curve, (b) matching of thickness under the λ/4 models, and (c) $\left|Z_{\mathit{\text{in}}}-1\right|$ of different thickness for S2 with different thicknesses. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2021. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 14. Schematic of the Synthesis Procedure of the GMFs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2020. ACS Publication.

Figure 15. (a, b) Frequency-dependent RL curves and 3D maps of GMF5. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2020. ACS Publication.

Table 5. Summary of recent progress on graphene, carbon nanotube, and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	RGO/MWCNT/Fe3O4	2–18 GHz	2.6 mm	−61.29 dB	[88]
2.	RGO/MWCNTs/ZnFe2O4	2–18 GHz	1.0 mm	−22.2 dB	[89]
3.	Fe3O4@MWCNTs/RGO	8.2–12.4 GHz	0.6 mm	45.9 dB	[90]

Figure 16. Illustrations for the preparation of (a) Fe₃O₄@MWCNTs and (b) Fe₃O₄@MWCNTs/RGO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 17. EMI shielding property of different composite papers: (a) SE_total, (b) SE_A, and (c) SE_R values; (d) SE_total values with different paper’s thicknesses; (e) EMI SE values of composite papers with diverse Fe₃O₄@MWCNTs loadings; (f) sheet resistance and electrical conductivity of composite papers; (g) schematic diagram of EMI shielding mechanism. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 18. Reflection loss curves and the corresponding bandwidth of the maximum reflection loss that was below −10 dB of the prepared composites: sample-1 (a); sample-2 (b) and sample-3 (c). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2018. Elsevier Publication.

Table 6. Summary of recent progress on carbon, carbon nanotube, and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Specimen thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	Fe3O4 /MWCNTs@C	2–18 GHz	2.0 mm	−52.47 dB	[91]
2.	(Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4)@C-MWCNTs	0–3 GHz	5 mm	−35.14 dB	[92]

Figure 19. Schematic diagram of the composite film preparation process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 20. (a-c) EMI SE_T, SE_R, and SE_A of the composite films in the X-band. (d) Average EMI SE of the composite films in the X-band. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 21. Schematic diagram of EMI shielding mechanism of the composite films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Table 7. Summary of recent progress on MXene, carbon nanotube and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	MWCNTs/Fe3O4/Ti3C2Tx	8–18 GHz	52 μm	49 dB	[94]
2.	Ti3C2/Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4/MWCNT	8.2–12.4 GHz	2.5 mm	83.7 dB	[95]

Figure 22. Schematic idea for production of ferrite nanoparticles via sol-gel method and fabrication of heterostructure composites via chemical route. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 23. Frequency-dependent shielding effectiveness (a & b) consisting due to reflection and absorption for the composite samples along with the shielding mechanism (shown in c) in the 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 24. Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of NMWCNTs/Co_0·5Zn_0·5Fe₂O₄ hybrid composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2019. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 25. Frequency dependence of reflection loss with different thicknesses and 3D plots: (a) and (a‘) S1, (b) and (b‘) S2, and (c) and (c‘) S3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2019. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 26. Schematic illustration of the possible microwave absorption mechanisms of NMWCNTs/Co_0·5Zn_0·5Fe₂O₄ hybrid composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2019. Elsevier Publication.

Table 8. Summary of recent progress on doped carbon nanotubes and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	NMWCNTs/Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4	2–18 GHz	3.1 mm	−64.7 dB	[100]

Table 9. Summary of recent progress on coated carbon nanotubes and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	nano-Fe3O4 compact-coated CNTs	2–18 GHz	1.5 mm	−43 dB	[101]
2.	CNT-NiFe2O4@MnO2	2–18 GHz	2.5 mm	−17 dB	[102]
3.	CuS/CoFe2O4/MWCNT	2–18 GHz	4.64 mm	−58.74 dB	[103]

Figure 27. Illustration of the synthesis of CNT-NiFe₂O₄@MnO₂ composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 28. (a) Quarter-wavelength matching model for three materials. Reflection loss for (b) pure CNTs, (c) CNT-NiFe₂O₄, and (d) CNT-NiFe₂O₄@MnO₂ for different absorber thicknesses in the 1–5.5 mm range. The frequency dependency curves of (e) attenuation constant, (f) modulus of normalized impedance, and (g). The typical Cole-Cole semicircles for (h) pure CNT, (i) CNT-NiFe₂O₄, and (j) CNT-NiFe₂O₄@MnO₂. Schematic representation of possible attenuation mechanisms in CNT-NiFe₂O₄@MnO₂ nanomaterials: (k) Natural resonance for CNTs, MnO₂ coating, and NiFe₂O₄ particles, (l) illustration of microwave impinged CNTs-NiFe₂O₄@MnO₂ coating, (m) dielectric polarization, and (n) conductive loss induced by the electric and magnetic field. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 29. (a) SE_T, (b) dc electrical conductivity, and (c) absorption, and reflection part at 18 GHz of various blends. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2018, ACS Publication.

Figure 30. (a) Schematic representation of the shielding mechanism through the synergistic contribution of both filler nanomaterials and (b) characteristic parameters for effective shielding of different blends containing different types of ferrite particles along with the MWCNTs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2018, ACS Publication.

Table 10. Summary of recent progress on polymer, carbon nanotube, and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	(PDMS)/CeFe2O4/MWCNTs	0.5–18 GHz	–	−47 dB	[108]
2.	polycarbonate / MWNTs /Fe3O4@C	2–18 GHz	1 mm	−41.3 dB	[109]
3.	CoFe2O4/CNTs/WPU	2–18 GHz	6.8 mm	−45.8 dB	[110]
4.	TPU/Ti3C2Tx/MnFe2O4/MWCNTs	8.2–12.4 GHz	2.1 mm	31.2 dB	[111]

Figure 31. Reflective loss (a) and 3D map reflective loss (b) of PDMS/CeFe₂O₄/MWCNTs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [108]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 32. (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of CoFe₂O₄/CNTs/WPU hybrid aerogels, (b) CCW-3 aerogel on top of the stamen. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2021, RSC Publication.

Figure 33. Correlation between the reflection loss and frequency of the samples via 3D contour maps of CCW-1 (a), CCW-2 (b), CCW-3 (c). (d–f) Corresponding 2D contour maps of the reflection loss values of the CCW aerogels. (g) Minimum reflection loss of CCW-1, CCW-2, and CCW-3 aerogels, respectively. (h) Corresponding thickness of the samples with their optimum impedance matching values (|Z_in/Z₀|). (i) Curves of the attenuation constant. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2021, RSC Publication.

Figure 34. SE_T of TMMM composites with 0% porosity and different MMM filler contents (a); SE_T of TMMM composites with different Mxene and MnFe₂O₄ mass ratio (b); SE_T, SE_A, and SE_R of TMMM composites with 75% porosity and various thicknesses (c, d); Power coefficients (A, T, and R) as a function of frequency at 75% porosity (e); SE_T, SE_A and SE_R of TMMM composites with different porosity at fixed thickness of 2.1 mm (f, g); Skin depth as a function of thickness at 75% porosity (h); Diagram of the EM waves shielding mechanism of TMMM composites (i). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 35. (a) Total shielding effectiveness, (b) shielding effectiveness due to absorption, (c) % shielding effectiveness due to absorption and reflection, and (d) skin depth of the composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright 2019, ACS Publication.

Figure 36. Mechanism of EMI Shielding in PU-Dopa Composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright 2019, ACS Publication.

Figure 37. Reflection loss of MWCNT/CuO/Fe₃O₄/PANI (1:3), (1:4), and (1:5) versus frequency for different absorbent thicknesses (2D, 3D). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature Publication.

Table 11. Summary of recent progress on semiconducting nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	PU/MWNTs/Fe3O4@MoS2	8–18 GHz	–	−36.6 dB	[113]
2.	MWCNT/CuO/Fe3O4/PANI	8–18 GHz	2.2 mm	−87.4 dB	[116]

Figure 38. The schematic diagram of fabricating CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄ composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 39. The RL of CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄ composites with different thicknesses and frequencies: (a, b) CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄–1:0.5, (c, d) CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄–1:1, (e, f) CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄–1:1.5, (g, h) CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄–1:2, (i, j) CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄–1:3, and (k, l) CNT/Fe₃O₄. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Figure 40. EMA mechanisms of CR@CNT/Fe₃O₄ composites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2022. Elsevier Publication.

Table 12. Summary of recent progress on semiconducting nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and spinel ferrite based nanocomposites.

No.	Shielding material	Frequency band	Optimum thickness	Effect of shielding	Ref.
1.	crumb rubber@CNT/Fe3O4	2–18 GHz	2.3 mm	60.46 dB	[117]

Lv, H.; Yang, Z.; Pan, H.; Wu, R. Electromagnetic Absorption Materials: Current Progress and New Frontiers. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2022, 127, 100946. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100946.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ashfaq, M. Z.; Ashfaq, A.; Majeed, M. K.; Saleem, A.; Wang, S.; Ahmad, M.; Hussain, M. M.; Zhang, Y.; Gong, H. Confined Tailoring of CoFe2O4/MWCNTs Hybrid-Architectures to Tune Electromagnetic Parameters and Microwave Absorption with Broadened Bandwidth. Ceram. Int. 2022, 48, 9569–9578. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.155.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou, J.; Tao, H.; Xia, L.; Zhao, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhan, Y.; Yuan, B. An Innovative Ternary Composite Paper of Graphene and Fe3O4 Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube for Ultra-Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Fire-Resistant Properties. Compos. Commun. 2022, 32, 101181. doi:10.1016/j.coco.2022.101181.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kumar, S.; Kumar, P.; Singh, N.; Kansal, M. K.; Kumar, A.; Verma, V. Highly Efficient and Sustainable MXene Based Heterostructure Composites Filled with Ferrites and MWCNTs to Mitigate the Radiation Interference in X-Band Frequency Region. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2022, 282, 115798. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115798.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Menon, A. V.; Madras, G.; Bose, S. Mussel-Inspired Self-Healing Polyurethane with “Flower-like” Magnetic MoS2 as Efficient Microwave Absorbers. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2019, 1, 2417–2429. doi:10.1021/acsapm.9b00538.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pang, H.; Sahu, R. P.; Liu, J.; Fu, Y.; Huang, L.; Duan, Y.; Puri, I. K. Facile Synthesis of a Hierarchical Multi-Layered CNT-NiFe2O4@MnO2 Composite with Enhanced Microwave Absorbing Performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 581, 152363. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152363.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Luo, J.; Wang, Y.; Qu, Z.; Wang, W.; Yu, D. Lightweight and Robust Cobalt Ferrite/Carbon Nanotubes/Waterborne Polyurethane Hybrid Aerogels for Efficient Microwave Absorption and Thermal Insulation. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 12201–12212. doi:10.1039/D1TC02427B.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhu, L.; Zeng, X.; Chen, M.; Yu, R. Controllable Permittivity in 3D Fe3O4/CNTs Network for Remarkable Microwave Absorption Performances. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 26801–26808. doi:10.1039/C7RA04456A.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lyu, L.; Wang, F.; Zhang, X.; Qiao, J.; Liu, C.; Liu, J. CuNi Alloy/Carbon Foam Nanohybrids as High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers. Carbon 2021, 172, 488–496. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.021.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, L.; Li, X.; Shi, X.; Huang, M.; Li, X.; Zeng, Q.; Che, R. Recent Progress of Microwave Absorption Microspheres by Magnetic–Dielectric Synergy. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 2136–2156. doi:10.1039/D0NR06267G.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yuan, H.; Xu, Y.; Jia, H.; Zhou, S. Superparamagnetic Fe3O4/MWCNTs Heterostructures for High Frequency Microwave Absorption. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 67218–67225. doi:10.1039/C6RA11610H.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen, Y.-H.; Huang, Z.-H.; Lu, M.-M.; Cao, W.-Q.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, D.-Q.; Cao, M.-S. 3D Fe3O4 Nanocrystals Decorating Carbon Nanotubes to Tune Electromagnetic Properties and Enhance Microwave Absorption Capacity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 12621–12625. doi:10.1039/C5TA02782A.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, Z.; Wu, L.; Zhou, J.; Cai, W.; Shen, B.; Jiang, Z. Magnetite Nanocrystals on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as a Synergistic Microwave Absorber. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 5446–5452. doi:10.1021/jp4000544.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hekmatara, H.; Seifi, M.; Forooraghi, K.; Mirzaee, S. Synthesis and Microwave Absorption Characterization of SiO2 Coated Fe3O4/MWCNT Composites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 24069–24075. doi:10.1039/C4CP03208J.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zeng, X.; Sang, Y.; Xia, G.; Jiang, G.; Xie, N.; Zheng, N.; Cheng, Y.; Yu, R. 3-D Hierarchical Urchin-like Fe3O4/CNTs Architectures Enable Efficient Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2022, 281, 115721. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115721.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ibrahim, I. R.; Matori, K. A.; Ismail, I.; Awang, Z.; Rusly, S. N. A.; Nazlan, R.; Mohd Idris, F.; Muhammad Zulkimi, M. M.; Abdullah, N. H.; Mustaffa, M. S.; et al. A Study on Microwave Absorption Properties of Carbon Black and Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 Nanocomposites by Tuning the Matching-Absorbing Layer Structures. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 3135. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60107-1.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xia, L.; Feng, Y.; Zhao, B. Intrinsic Mechanism and Multiphysics Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials: New Horizons and Breakthrough. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 130, 136–156. doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.010.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kumar, R.; Sahoo, S.; Joanni, E.; Singh, R. K.; Tan, W. K.; Moshkalev, S. A.; Matsuda, A.; Kar, K. K. Heteroatom Doping of 2D Graphene Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: A Review of Recent Progress. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2022, 47, 570–619. doi:10.1080/10408436.2021.1965954.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huang, D.; Dai, J.; Wang, Q.; Liu, H.; Li, Z. MWCNTs Wrapped in Hollow with Open Holes of CoFe2O4 as High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers. J. Alloys Compd. 2023, 944, 169194. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169194.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Guo, L.; He, Y.; Chen, D.; Du, B.; Cao, W.; Lv, Y.; Ding, Z. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Microwave Absorption Properties of Nickel Ferrite/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Composites. Coatings 2021, 11, 534. doi:10.3390/coatings11050534.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rostami, M.; Ara, M. H. M. The Dielectric, Magnetic and Microwave Absorption Properties of Cu-Substituted Mg-Ni Spinel ferrite-MWCNT Nanocomposites. Ceram. Int. 2019, 45, 7606–7613. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.01.056.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen, N.; Zhou, J.; Yao, Z.; Lei, Y.; Tan, R.; Zuo, Y.; Zheng, W.; Jiao, Z. Fabrication of Nd-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composites with Effective Microwave Absorption Properties. Ceram. Int. 2021, 47, 10545–10554. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.11.137.

 Google Scholar

Mustaffa, M. S.; Azis, R. S.; Abdullah, N. H.; Ismail, I.; Ibrahim, I. R. An Investigation of Microstructural, Magnetic and Microwave Absorption Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 15523. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52233-2.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dalal, M.; Mallick, A.; Greneche, J.-M.; Das, D.; Chakrabarti, P. K. Correlation of Cation Distribution with the Hyperfine and Magnetic Behaviour of Ni0.3Zn0.4Co0.2Cu0.1Fe2O4 Nanoparticles and Their Microwave Absorption Properties When Encapsulated in Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2017, 29, 085803. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa5169.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gao, Y.; Wang, Z. Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Li-Zn Ferrite-Carbon Nanotubes Composite. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2021, 528, 167808. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.167808.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou, Y.; Zhao, X.; Liu, F.; Chi, W.; Yao, J.; Chen, G. Facile One-Pot Solvothermal Synthesis of the RGO/MWCNT/Fe3O4 Hybrids for Microwave Absorption. ACS Omega. 2020, 5, 2899–2909. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03740.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shu, R.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, M.; Gan, Y.; Shi, J.; He, J. Fabrication of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Zinc Ferrite Hybrid Composites as High-Performance Microwave Absorbers. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 736, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.084.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang, K.; Gao, X.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, H.; Chen, X. Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Decorated MWCNTs @ C Ferrite Nanocomposites and Their Enhanced Microwave Absorption Properties. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2018, 452, 55–63. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.12.039.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yin, P.; Zhang, L.; Wu, H.; Feng, X.; Wang, J.; Rao, H.; Wang, Y.; Dai, J.; Tang, Y. Two-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of (Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4)@C-MWCNTs Hybrid with Enhanced Low Frequency Microwave Absorbing Performance. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1601. doi:10.3390/nano9111601.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liu, H.; Wang, Z.; Yang, Y.; Wu, S.; Wang, C.; You, C.; Tian, N. Thermally Conductive MWCNTs/Fe3O4/Ti3C2Tx MXene Multi-Layer Films for Broadband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 130, 75–85. doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.009.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shu, R.; Wu, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhang, J.; Wan, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, M. Facile Synthesis of Cobalt-Zinc Ferrite Microspheres Decorated Nitrogen-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Composites with Excellent Microwave Absorption in the X-Band. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 184, 107839. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107839.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li, N.; Huang, G.-W.; Li, Y.-Q.; Xiao, H.-M.; Feng, Q.-P.; Hu, N.; Fu, S.-Y. Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance of Coated Carbon Nanotubes by Optimizing the Fe3O4 Nanocoating Structure. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 2973–2983. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b13142.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, X.; Wei, S.; Yuan, Y.; Li, R.; Wang, Y.; Liang, Y.; Wang, B.; Dong, C. Effect of Copper Sulfide Nanosphere Shell on Microstructure and Microwave Absorption Properties of Cobalt Ferrite/Carbon Nanotube Composites. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 909, 164676. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164676.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Biswas, S.; Panja, S. S.; Bose, S. Physical Insight into the Mechanism of Electromagnetic Shielding in Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Inverse-Spinel Ferrites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 19425–19437. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05867.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen, X.; Yang, M.; Zhao, X.; Hu, D.; Liu, W.; Ma, W. Tailoring Superhydrophobic PDMS/CeFe2O4/MWCNTs Nanocomposites with Conductive Network for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 432, 134226. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.134226.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pawar, S. P.; Gandi, M.; Saraf, C.; Bose, S. Polycarbonate Composites Containing Carbon Encapsulated “Brick-Like” Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Efficient Microwave Absorbers with a Large Bandwidth. ChemistrySelect 2016, 1, 3829–3838. doi:10.1002/slct.201600931.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li, Z.; Feng, D.; Li, B.; Xie, D.; Mei, Y. FDM Printed MXene/MnFe2O4/MWCNTs Reinforced TPU Composites with 3D Voronoi Structure for Sensor and Electromagnetic Shielding Applications. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2023, 231, 109803. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109803.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Afzali, S.; Hekmatara, S.; Seyed, S. H.; Yazdi, J.; Hosseini, S. M. B. M. Tuned MWCNT/CuO/Fe3O4/Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Exceptional Microwave Attenuation and a Broad Frequency Band. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 9590. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13210-4.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zheng, J.; Hanshe, M.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, Y.; Li, X.; Shiju, E. From Waste to Wealth: Crumb Rubber@Carbon Nanotube/Fe3O4 Composites towards Highly Effective Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption with Wide Bandwidth. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2022, 126, 109089. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109089.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar