Figures & data
Figure 1. Metabolism of acrylonitrile. *Reaction can also occur nonenzymatically; P450: Cytochrome P450; GST: Glutathione-S-Transferase; GSH: Reduced glutathione; EH: Epoxide Hydrolase; RH: Rhodanese; Px: Peroxidase; XO: Xanthine oxidase; CHEMA: N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine; CEMA: N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine; ATCA: 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid; CN-: cyanide ion; SCN-: thiocyanate OSCN-: hypothiocyanite.
![Figure 1. Metabolism of acrylonitrile. *Reaction can also occur nonenzymatically; P450: Cytochrome P450; GST: Glutathione-S-Transferase; GSH: Reduced glutathione; EH: Epoxide Hydrolase; RH: Rhodanese; Px: Peroxidase; XO: Xanthine oxidase; CHEMA: N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine; CEMA: N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine; ATCA: 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid; CN-: cyanide ion; SCN-: thiocyanate OSCN-: hypothiocyanite.](/cms/asset/69aba07e-3f20-4c13-ad96-41fe24a0fb44/itxc_a_2179912_f0001_b.jpg)
Figure 2. Ratio of ACN urinary metabolites CHEMA:CEMA in humans using NHANES (Citation2015–2016,) data. “X”: data point for individuals with both metabolites detectable in urine. Solid line: linear regression.
![Figure 2. Ratio of ACN urinary metabolites CHEMA:CEMA in humans using NHANES (Citation2015–2016,) data. “X”: data point for individuals with both metabolites detectable in urine. Solid line: linear regression.](/cms/asset/46054f33-9072-4421-9298-3da60e46bcb7/itxc_a_2179912_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3. Chemically induced genotoxicity: a continuum that may produce mutation (Albertini and Kaden Citation2020).
![Figure 3. Chemically induced genotoxicity: a continuum that may produce mutation (Albertini and Kaden Citation2020).](/cms/asset/7ec6726a-b190-4eb5-852f-24fa90716c85/itxc_a_2179912_f0003_c.jpg)
Table 1. ACN/CNEO induced generic DNA damage.
Table 2. ACN/CNEO associated specific DNA adducts.
Table 3. Summary of ACN induced somatic level mutations in multiple systems.
Table 4. ACN genotoxicity/mutagenicity in germinal tissues.