Notes
1Behind the desire for marriage, in Smith's view, is a strong investment motive in producing children: “The value of children is the greatest of all encouragements to marriage. We cannot, therefore, wonder that the people in North America should generally marry very young.” He observes that “the labour of each child, before it can leave their home, is computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain” (1776, pp. 70–71). Marshall recognized an investment motive in bearing and employing children among the lowest ranks of the working classes. See the text.
2Regarding Marshall's view of the nature of the education process, Tiziano Raffaelli notes (Citation1995, pp. 7–8): “Education, in a broad sense, means not only schools, but also trade unions and cooperatives, a more stimulating environment (green commons, popular museums, playgrounds, etc.) and a plan of charity conceived as part of a wider system of social incentives rewarding merit.”
3Marshall does note, however, in relation to the whole world: “It remains true that unless the checks on the growth of population in force at the end of the nineteenth century are on the whole increased (they are certain to change their form in places that are as yet imperfectly civilized) it will be impossible for the habits of comfort prevailing in Western Europe to spread themselves over the whole world and maintain themselves for many hundred years” (Citation1920, p. 180). Limits on worldwide land resources may eventually be felt on worldwide income levels.