Figure 1. There are three well-described membrane-bound VEGF receptors (VEGFR-1 to -3), and at least six growth factor ligands (VEGF-A to -E, and placental growth factor); some of the ligands have multiple isoforms. Ligand-receptor binding induces signaling through multiple interacting intracellular pathways that include Src, MAP kinase (MAPK), signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT), and phospholipase C (PLC), ultimately resulting in angiogenesis.
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