“Every Crisis is a Time for opportunity”: Immigrant-Refugee Leadership Perspectives in the COVID-19 Era

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics.

Characteristic	n	%
Age
18–40	2	28
41–60	4	57
61 and over	1	14
Gender
Male	3	43
Female	4	57
Country of origin
Bhutan	1	14
Ethiopia	1	14
India	1	14
Mexico	1	14
Russia	1	14
Rwanda	1	14
Somalia	1	14
Number of years in leadership
3–5	2	28
6–7	1	14
10 or more	4	57

Table 2. Translation of themes.

Extracted original codes (f)	Category	Overarching theme
Closing agency (6), decreased donations/fundraising (4), funding (27), sustainability (1), impact on strategic plan (3), technology to assist (6), resettlement decreases (5), service shift (17), stress on leaders (12), support from other leaders (3), personal impact on leader (5)	Funding impacts; impact on leaders	Heightened organizational strain: Resource and capacity challenges
Addiction (2), digital divide (13), domestic violence (5), mental health (31), old problems worse (8), schools (3), teen pregnancy (3), transportation (2), where to get resources (19), housing (11), provide resources (5), technology to assist (9), violence (3), employment (11), compassion fatigue (1)	Exacerbation of previous concerns	COVID-19 disruption and exacerbation of social issues
Employment (11), business community (11), loss progress made (17), no more house buying (3), technology to assist (9)	Loss of community progress	Loss of community wealth and economic progress reversal
Advocacy (2), cultural barriers (5), culturally appropriate services (21), lack of technology (1), lack of understanding (7), negative event feels “normal” due to trauma (3), vaccination concerns (2), hopelessness (5), providing resources (1)	Culturally appropriate services	Access to COVID-19 information: cultural, linguistic, and digital technology barriers
Community already struggling (2), cultural barriers (5), discrimination (11), immigration policies (3), political impacts (4), resettlement decrease (5), system not made for us (2), Trump (4)	Politics and COVID-19; discrimination	The “discrimination trifecta:” Immigration policies, vulnerability, and structural barriers
Advocacy (1), collectivist response (13), community input on services (1), community organizing (1), cultural cohesion (8), flexible (2), hopeful (13), new clients (1), planning (5), support from other leaders (3), unintended benefits (34)	Opportunities due to COVID-19	COVID-19 crisis as a path to better opportunities

f = frequency of codes.