What democratic policing is … and is not

Figures & data

Table 1. Typologies of democratic policing.

	Right (neopopulist)	Centre-right (conservativism)	Centre-left (social democratic/liberal socialism)	Left (populist)
Democracy	Electoral democracy	Liberal democracy	Social democracy	Electoral democracy with social rights
Inequality	Natural	Natural	Structural	Structural
(Police) Violence	Acceptable	Minimum necessary	Minimum necessary	Acceptable
Participation/Political Rights (affects community participation in COP and repression of protests)	Elections, limited free speech, COP unlikely	Elections, free speech, top-down COP	Elections, free speech, Co-equal COP	Elections, more limited free speech, COP unlikely or top-down
Civil Rights (affects levels of acceptable police violence)	Selective	Important	Important	Selective
Social Rights (affects degree to which COP will include social programmes)	Not important	Not important	Important	Important

Figure 1. Gradations of inequality and violence.