Figures & data
Figure 1. Comparison of counterfactual reasoning with abduction and deduction
Figure 2. Theory as a metaphorical speculation pump: To “use” a theory in design, a designer engages in speculation, or counterfactual thinking: if design was a, then interaction would be c. We argue that it is through counterfactual propositions that theories help solve problems, elaborating objectives, and redefine assumptions
