The Roles of Personality Traits, AI Anxiety, and Demographic Factors in Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.

Variable	n	%
Gender
Female	259	74.00
Male	91	26.00
Education level
Undergraduate	178	50.86
Graduate	143	40.86
Master or doctoral	29	8.28
Job status
I don’t have a job (undergraduate student)	178	50.86
Teacher	41	11.71
Health care professional	33	9.43
Business administrator	30	8.57
Psychologist	29	8.29
Fire department	11	3.14
Engineer	14	4.00
Lawyer	6	1.71
Security staff	8	2.29

Table 2. Factor loadings of the Turkish Version of the GAAIS.

Item	Estimate	SE	t	p	Standardized Estimate	Mean	SD
Positive GAAIS
GAAIS1	0.33	0.046	7.16	<.001	0.40	3.543	0.831
GAAIS2	0.34	0.035	9.54	<.001	0.52	3.963	0.657
GAAIS3	0.44	0.044	10.10	<.001	0.54	3.783	0.821
GAAIS4	0.46	0.046	10.04	<.001	0.54	4.083	0.857
GAAIS5	0.53	0.047	11.39	<.001	0.60	3.703	0.888
GAAIS6	0.53	0.053	9.95	<.001	0.53	3.289	0.987
GAAIS7	0.57	0.040	14.07	<.001	0.71	3.826	0.802
GAAIS8	0.45	0.047	9.55	<.001	0.52	3.511	0.875
GAAIS9	0.43	0.051	8.42	<.001	0.46	3.206	0.923
GAAIS10	0.49	0.052	9.33	<.001	0.51	3.326	0.959
GAAIS11	0.50	0.044	11.34	<.001	0.60	3.794	0.845
GAAIS12	0.55	0.059	9.30	<.001	0.50	3.049	1.089
Negative GAAIS
GAAIS13	0.72	0.049	14.61	<.001	0.72	2.891	0.998
GAAIS14	0.37	0.049	7.51	<.001	0.41	2.491	0.895
GAAIS15	0.71	0.044	15.87	<.001	0.76	3.440	0.924
GAAIS16	0.58	0.053	10.85	<.001	0.57	3.066	1.021
GAAIS17	0.74	0.053	13.98	<.001	0.69	3.546	1.066
GAAIS18	0.73	0.056	13.04	<.001	0.66	2.854	1.107
GAAIS19	0.49	0.046	10.49	<.001	0.55	3.074	0.880
GAAIS20	0.71	0.050	14.18	<.001	0.70	3.143	1.017

PGAAIS: positive general attitudes toward AI subscale; NGAAIS: negative general attitudes toward AI subscale; items in the NGAAIS were reverse coded; SE: standard error; SD: standard deviation.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics and correlations between variables.

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Age	1
Gender	0.113*	1
Education level	0.154**	0.157**	1
Computer usage level	−0.059	0.309***	0.128*	1
AIKL	0.011	0.285***	−0.045	0.316***	1
Positive GAAIS	−0.047	0.201***	0.038	0.268***	0.256***	1
Negative GAAIS	0.072	0.037	0.108*	0.121*	0.118*	0.327***	1
Extroversion	−0.049	0.054	0.180**	0.103	0.054	0.122*	0.159**	1
Conscientiousness	0.145**	0.020	0.192***	0.065	0.085	0.095	0.226***	0.369***	1
Emotional stability	0.215***	0.108*	0.136**	−0.013	0.058	0.094	0.217***	0.136*	0.351***	1
Agreeableness	0.029	−0.164**	0.077	−0.119*	−0.055	0.043	0.211***	0.161**	0.304***	0.265***	1
Openness to experience	−0.059	0.102	0.049	0.173**	0.127*	0.228***	0.134*	0.234***	0.141**	0.034	0.155**	1
AI learning anxiety	−0.003	−0.049	0.007	−0.158**	−0.211***	−0.294***	−0.410***	−0.111*	−0.244***	−0.103	−0.183**	−0.293***	1
Job replacement anxiety	0.052	−0.158**	−0.078	−0.053	−0.087	−0.122*	−0.249***	−0.034	−0.002	−0.094	0.049	0.009	0.287***	1
Sociotechnical blindness	0.038	−0.104	−0.046	−0.049	−0.080	−0.138**	−0.296***	−0.005	0.039	−0.054	0.047	−0.035	0.300***	0.843***	1
AI configuration anxiety	0.086	−0.177**	−0.083	−0.192***	−0.193***	−0.250***	−0.459***	−0.125*	−0.088	−0.170**	−0.018	−0.166**	0.454***	0.672***	0.731***	1
Min.	18.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	2.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	8.00	6.00	4.00	3.00
Max.	51.00	1.00	1.00	4.00	4.00	4.92	5.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	56.00	42.00	28.00	21.00
Mean	24.234	0.260	0.494	2.854	2.454	3.59	3.06	9.800	10.865	8.637	10.414	9.768	24.714	27.365	18.317	12.545
SD	6.102	0.439	0.500	0.680	0.588	0.516	0.685	3.072	2.719	2.727	2.538	2.554	11.231	9.798	6.271	5.261
Skewness	1.866	1.099	0.023	−0.634	0.900	−0.334	−0.240	−0.388	−0.662	−0.062	−0.374	−0.221	0.328	−0.269	−0.302	−0.167
Kurtosis	4.418	−0.797	−.2.011	0.889	−0.178	0.486	−0.129	−0.696	−0.206	−0.257	−0.492	−0.395	−0.714	−0.722	−0.501	−0.884

Gender: 0 for females, 1 for males; Education Level was dummy coded; AIKL: artificial intelligence knowledge level; PGAAIS: positive general attitudes toward AI subscale; NGAAIS: negative general attitudes toward AI subscale; items in the NGAAIS were reverse coded.

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 4. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis results on the predictive role of various variables on positive attitudes toward artificial intelligence.

Variable	Model I					Model II					Model III
	B	SE	β	t	p	B	SE	β	t	p	B	SE	β	t	p
Constant	2.905	0.183		15.903	<0.001	2.429	0.229		10.611	<0.001	3.024	0.271		11.165	<0.001
Demographic
Age	−0.004	0.004	−0.053	−1.013	0.312	−0.005	0.004	−0.055	−1.037	0.301	−0.004	0.004	−0.047	−0.901	0.368
Gender	0.119	0.065	0.101	1.825	0.069	0.114	0.066	0.097	1.739	0.083	0.115	0.065	0.098	1.759	0.080
Education level	0.016	0.054	0.015	0.292	0.770	−0.011	0.055	−0.011	−0.200	0.841	−0.003	0.054	−0.003	−0.049	0.961
Computer usage level	0.134	0.042	0.177	3.169	0.002	0.123	0.042	0.162	2.908	0.004	0.105	0.042	0.139	2.496	0.013
AIKL	0.151	0.048	0.172	3.129	0.002	0.135	0.048	0.153	2.805	0.005	0.105	0.048	0.119	2.187	0.029
Personality
Extroversion						0.006	0.009	0.038	0.684	0.495	0.007	0.009	0.041	0.749	0.454
Conscientiousness						0.002	0.011	0.009	0.149	0.881	−0.004	0.011	−0.020	−0.340	0.734
Emotional stability						0.013	0.011	0.066	1.185	0.237	0.010	0.011	0.054	0.957	0.339
Agreeableness						0.008	0.011	0.039	0.707	0.480	0.004	0.011	0.019	0.353	0.724
Openness to experience						0.030	0.011	0.149	2.814	0.005	0.020	0.011	0.099	1.831	0.068
AI anxiety
AI learning anxiety											−0.008	0.003	−0.172	−2.863	0.004
Job replacement anxiety											0.003	0.005	0.054	0.574	0.566
Sociotechnical blindness											−0.003	0.008	−0.039	−0.382	0.703
AI configuration anxiety											−0.008	0.008	−0.079	−0.963	0.336
R^2	0.115					0.152					0.190
Adjusted R^2	0.102					0.127					0.156
F for Change in R^2	8.928***					2.962*					3.955**

Gender: 0 for females, 1 for males; Education Level was dummy coded; AIKL: artificial intelligence knowledge level; Positive GAAIS: positive general attitudes toward AI subscale; NGAAIS: negative general attitudes toward AI subscale; items in the NGAAIS were reverse coded.

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Figure 1. Predictors of the Positive General Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence subscale, with predictors that were significant in the final model showing standardized coefficients (β) and p-values. AIKL: Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Level.

Figure 2. Predictors of the Negative General Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence subscale, with predictors that were significant in the final model showing standardized coefficients (β) and p-values. AIKL: Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Level.

Table 5. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis results on the predictive role of various variables on negative attitudes toward artificial intelligence.

Variable	Model I					Model II					Model III
	B	SE	β	t	p	B	SE	β	t	p	B	SE	β	t	p
Constant	2.268	0.253		8.968	<0.001	1.262	0.310		4.075	<0.001	2.913	0.330		8.823	<0.001
Demographic
Age	0.007	0.006	0.066	1.218	0.224	0.004	0.006	0.036	0.677	0.499	0.009	0.005	0.077	1.594	0.112
Gender	−0.069	0.090	−0.044	−0.769	0.442	−0.043	0.089	−0.028	−0.487	0.626	−0.072	0.080	−0.046	−0.905	0.366
Education level	0.134	0.075	0.098	1.781	0.076	0.055	0.074	0.040	0.746	0.456	0.054	0.066	0.039	0.818	0.414
Computer usage level	0.094	0.059	0.093	1.603	0.110	0.100	0.057	0.099	1.739	0.083	0.043	0.051	0.043	0.842	0.400
AIKL	0.122	0.067	0.105	1.821	0.069	0.092	0.065	0.079	1.413	0.159	0.007	0.058	0.006	0.116	0.908
Personality
Extroversion						0.013	0.013	0.057	0.997	0.320	0.011	0.011	0.048	0.949	0.343
Conscientiousness						0.021	0.015	0.084	1.388	0.166	0.013	0.014	0.050	0.911	0.363
Emotional stability						0.032	0.014	0.126	2.225	0.027	0.017	0.013	0.066	1.294	0.196
Agreeableness						0.038	0.015	0.141	2.495	0.013	0.032	0.014	0.120	2.366	0.019
Openness to experience						0.016	0.014	0.058	1.080	0.281	−0.009	0.013	−0.034	−0.685	0.494
AI anxiety
AI learning anxiety											−0.013	0.003	−0.211	−3.830	<.001
Job replacement anxiety											0.008	0.006	0.113	1.308	0.192
Sociotechnical blindness											−0.006	0.010	−0.059	−0.626	0.532
AI configuration anxiety											−0.049	0.010	−0.379	−5.013	<.001
R^2	0.037					0.120					0.318
Adjusted R^2	0.023					0.094					0.289
F for Change in R^2	2.661*					6.378***					24.259***

Gender: 0 for females, 1 for males; Education Level was dummy coded; AIKL: artificial intelligence knowledge level; Positive GAAIS: positive general attitudes toward AI subscale; NGAAIS: negative general attitudes toward AI subscale; items in the NGAAIS were reverse coded.

Note. *p < .05, ***p < .001.