Comparison of Emission of Dioxins and Furans from Gasohol- and Ethanol-Powered Vehicles

Figures & data

Table 1. Toxicity equivalence factors and Method Detection Limit

Substance ^a	CAS number	WHO	DL ^b (pg)
2,3,7,8-TCDD	1746-01-6	1.0	0.22
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD	40321-76-4	1.0	0.10
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD	39227-28-6	0.1	0.10
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD	57653-85-7	0.1	0.15
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD	19408-74-3	0.1	0.07
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	35822-46-9	0.01	0.07
OCDD	3268-87-9	0.0003	0.19
2,3,7,8-TCDF	51207-31-9	0.1	0.22
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF	57117-41-6	0,03	0.07
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF	57117-31-4	0.3	0.19
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF	70648-26-9	0.1	0.15
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF	57117-44-9	0.1	0.15
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF	72918-21-9	0.1	0.15
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF	60851-34-5	0.1	0.10
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF	67562-39-4	0.01	0.22
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF	55673-89-7	0.01	0.22
OCDF	39001-02-0	0.0003	0.10
Source : Extracted from: Van Den Berg et al., 2006
Notes : ^aTCDD = Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PeCDD = Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, HxCDD = Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, HpCDD =Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, OCDD =  Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDF = Tetrachlorodibenzofuran, PeCDF =  Pentachlorodibenzofuran, HxCDF = Hexachlorodibenzofuran, HpCDF =  Heptachlorodibenzofuran, OCDF =  Octachlorodibenzofuran.
^bDL - Detection Limit of method.

Figure 1. Experimental design for the gasohol vehicle.

Figure 2. Experimental design for the ethanol vehicle.

Figure 3. Sampling diagram for PCDD/Fs.

Table 2. Results of total organic chloride analysis in the fuels, fuel additives, and oil lubricants

Fuels, Fuels Additives, and Oil Lubricants	Total Organic Chlorides(ppm)
Crankcase mineral oil aged 2500 km in an ethanol vehicle	4.0
Crankcase mineral oil aged 2500 km in a gasohol vehicle	14
Crankcase synthetic oil aged 5000 km in an ethanol vehicle	3.8
Crankcase synthetic oil aged 5000 km in a gasohol vehicle	40
Fuel additive	<0.1
Premium gasohol (blend of 10 different gas stations)	0.4
Regular gasohol (blend of 10 different gas stations)	0.4
Regular HEAF (blend of 10 different gas stations)	<0.1
Rubber solvent	3.5
Standard gasohol for emission assays	0.6
Standard HEAF for emission assays	<0.1

Table 3. Experimental conditions for the gasohol vehicle, its respective emissions of PCDD/Fs, TEFs, regulated pollutants, and performance

Assay	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9	Average	SD
Additive	None	Yes	None	None	None	Yes	None	None	Yes
Adulteration	None	Yes	None	None	None	Yes	Yes	None	None
Fuel	Premium	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	Regular	SFEA
Lubricant	Mineral	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic	Mineral	Mineral	Mineral
Chlorine consumed during the assay [μg/assay]
By additivation	0.00	ND	0.00	0.00	0.00	ND	0.00	0.00	ND
By adulteration	0.00	1.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.43	1.44	0.00	0.00
By fuel	0.683	0.816	1.04	1.02	0.992	0.730	0.741	0.661	0.00
Total	0.683	2.01	1.04	1.02	0.992	2.16	2.18	0.661	0.00
Emission per distance [pg/km]
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	ND	ND	4.16	ND	6.18	6.00	5.59	ND	ND	2.44	2.94
OCDD	1.59	11.2	36.5	11.2	22.2	17.3	34.4	ND	ND	16.5	13.0
OCDF	ND	ND	3.28	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.365	1.09
Total PCDD/Fs	15.9	11.2	43.9	11.2	28.4	23.4	40.0	ND	ND	19.3	15.9
Total I-TEQ [pp. l-TEQ/kml^−1]	0.00477	0.00335	0.0535	0.00337	0.0684	0.0653	0.0662	0.000	0.000	0.0294	0.0325
Emission per consumed fuel [ng/T]
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	ND	ND	53.1	ND	83.3	81.5	74.5	ND	ND	32.5	39.5
OCDD	206	143	466	146	300	235	460	ND	ND	217	170
OCDF	ND	ND	41.9	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.7	14.0
Total PCDD/Fs	206	143	560	146	383	317	534	ND	ND	254	209
Total I-TEQ [ng l-TEQ/T^−1]	0.0617	0.0430	0.683	0.0438	0.923	0.885	0.886	ND	ND	0.392	0.435
Regulated pollutants [g/km]
CO	2.40	2.89	3.43	3.31	3.49	3.18	3.90	3.65	3.44	3.30	0.440
CO2	222	222	223	219	210	210	212	211	213	216	5.49
THC	0.214	0.292	0.292	0.290	0.299	0.286	0.284	0.276	0.356	0.288	0.0362
NMHC	0.168	0.238	0.239	0.241	0.256	0.248	0.243	0.231	0.310	0.241	0.0362
NOx	0.586	0.578	0.592	0.580	0.504	0.453	0.443	0.577	0.419	0.526	0.0706
Vehicle performance [km/L]
Vehicle performance	9.62	9.55	9.49	9.66	10.03	10.08	9.93	9.97	9.91	9.80	0.223
Notes. SFEA = standard fuel for emission assays; ND = not detected; SD = standard deviation.

Table 4. Model coefficients and standard errors for PCDD/F emissions from the vehicles using SFEA, in pg km^{− 1}

	1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	OCDD	Total PCDD/Fs
	Gasohol vehicle
b 0 (average)	3.01	18.0	21.2
b 1 (fuel additive)	−1.51	−10.8	−12.6
b 2 (adulteration)	1.28	6.31	7.32
b 3 (lubricant)	0.223	0.821	1.32
Standard errors	1.50	4.46	5.98
	Ethanol vehicle
b 0 (average)	—	23.02	27.6
b 1 (fuel additive)	—	−2.04	−4.81
b 2 (adulteration)	—	2.66	5.43
b 3 (lubricant)	—	−4.47	−7.23
Standard errors	—	0.71	1.73
Notes: Statistically significant coefficients at the 90% confidence level or higher are in bold. SFEA = standard fuel for emission assays.

Table 5. Experimental conditions for the ethanol vehicle, its respective emissions of PCDD/Fs, TEFs, regulated pollutants, and performance

Assay	E1	E2	E3	E4	E5	E6	Average	SD
Additive	None	Yes	None	Yes	Yes	None
Adulteration	None	None	Yes	Yes	Yes	None
Fuel	Regular	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA	SFEA
Lubricant	Mineral	Mineral	Mineral	Synthetic	Synthetic	Synthetic
Gasohol injection at start of assay	None	None	Yes	Yes	Yes	None
Chlorine consumed during the assay [μg/assay]
By additivation	0.000	ND	0.000	ND	ND	0.000
By adulteration	0.000	0.000	0.511	0.525	0.525	0.000
By fuel	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Total	0.000	0.000	0.511	0.525	0.525	0.000
Emission per distance [pg/km]
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	ND	14.8	ND	ND	ND	ND
OCDD	21.3	31.8	18.5	12.9	19.7	23.5	21.3	6.26
Total PCDD/Fs	21.3	46.6	18.5	12.9	19.7	23.5	23.7	11.7
Total I-TEQ [pg l-TEQ/km^−1]	0.00639	0.157	0.00556	0.00386	0.00591	0.00705	0.0310	0.0619
Emission per consumed fuel [ng/T]
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD	ND	120.2	ND	ND	ND	ND
OCDD	172	258	138	93.7	144	193	166	56.1
Total PCDD/Fs	172	378	138	93.7	144	193	186	99.5
Total I-TEQ [ng l-TEQ/T^−1]	0.0515	1.28	0.0414	0.0281	0.0432	0.0579	0.250	0.504
Regulated pollutants [g/km]
CO	0.759	0.781	0.666	0.652	0.717	0.566	0.690	0.0788
COz	201	199	201	205	204	197	201	2.84
THC	0.206	0.186	0.390	0.474	0.534	0.179	0.328	0.158
NMHC	0.159	0.142	0.327	0.401	0.464	0.133	0.271	0.145
NOx	0.298	0.226	0.344	0.390	0.359	0.415	0.339	0.0682
Vehicle performance [km/L]
Vehicle performance	6.52	6.57	6.04	5.92	5.93	6.64	6.27	0.337
Notes. SFEA = standard fuel for emission assays; ND = not detected; SD = standard deviation.