Comparison of Grammar in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Case of Binding in Williams Syndrome and Autism With and Without Language Impairment

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Ages and Mean Scores (Standard Deviations) on Standardized Tests of Language and Cognition for the Five Participant Groups

Group	ALI, n = 26	ALI TD, n = 24	ALN, n = 22	ALN TD, n = 22	WS, n = 25	Group Differences
Mean age in months	142.43 (44.14)	75.23 (24.91)	134.33 (40.01)	121.95 (35.77)	139.32 (42.50)	TD ALI < TD ALN**, ALN***, ALI***, WS***
Range	77–218	44–128	73–222	54–201	72–200
KBIT Matrices RS	16.79 (8.39)	17.90 (7.23)	30.09 (5.76)	29.77 (5.83)	19.76 (5.88)	ALI, TD ALI, WS < ALN***, TD ALN***
KBIT Matrices SS	66.92 (22.23)	101.50 (9.41)	108.18 (15.45)	113.63 (13.08)	74.24 (16.55)	ALI, WS < TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***
KBIT Vocabulary SS	62.28 (20.47)		111.42 (17.81)			ALI < ALN***
PPVT-III SS	58.5 (18.99)	108.0 (14.68)	111.86 (18.07)	108.00 (15.21)	82.08 (12.69)	ALI < WS*** < TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***
TROG-2 SS	57.19 (4.73)	103.1 (17.31)	94.50 (12.25)	101.50 (8.01)	74.29 (17.15)	ALI < WS*** < TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***
Note. Measures on which relevant groups are matched: age in months for ALI, ALN and WS; KBIT Matrices raw score for ALI and ALI TD, and ALN and ALN TD, and KBIT Matrices raw and standard scores for ALI and WS. ALI = Autism Language Impaired; ALN = Autism Language Normal; TD = typically developing controls; WS = Williams syndrome; RS = raw score; SS = standard score.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

TABLE 2 Estimated Mean Probabilities Correct (Standard Error) on the Target Items for Each Participant Group

	ALI (SE)	ALI TD	ALN	ALN TD	WS	Intergroup Differences
CN	0.79 (0.04)	0.98 (0.01)	0.98 (0.02)	0.98 (0.01)	0.94 (0.02)	ALI < TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***, WS**
CP	0.77 (0.04)	0.96 (0.02)	0.99 (0.01)	0.98 (0.01)	0.93 (0.02)	ALI< TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***, WS**
NPr	0.71 (0.05)	0.73 (0.05)	0.83 (0.04)	0.78 (0.05)	0.75 (0.05)	N.S.
NR	0.49 (0.05)	0.93 (0.03)	0.96 (0.02)	0.97 (0.02)	0.88 (0.03)	ALI < TD ALI***, ALN***, TD ALN***, WS***
Intragroup differences	NR < NPr**, CP***, CN***	NPr < NR**, CP***, CN***	NPr < NR*, CP**, CN**	NPr < NR**, CP***, CN***	NPr < NR |, CP**, CN**
Note. CN = Control Name; CP = Control Possessive; NPr = Name Pronoun; NR = Name Reflexive;ALI = Autism Language Impaired; ALN = Autism Language Normal; TD = typically developing controls; WS = Williams syndrome.
| p < .10. *p <.05. **p< .01. ***p < .001.

Table

1. Name Reflexive (NR)	Bart's dad is touching himself.
	Lisa's mom is touching herself.
	Bart's dad is pointing to himself.
	Lisa's mom is pointing to herself.
	Bart's dad is washing himself.
	Maggie's mom is washing herself.
	Maggie's mom is dressing herself.
	Lisa's mom is dressing herself.
2. Name Pronoun (NP)	Bart's dad is touching him.
	Lisa's mom is touching her.
	Bart's dad is pointing to him.
	Lisa's mom is pointing to her.
	Bart's dad is washing him.
	Maggie's mom is washing her.
	Maggie's mom is dressing her.
	Lisa's mom is dressing her.
3. Control Name (CN)	Bart is pointing to Dad.
	Lisa is touching Mom.
	Bart is washing Dad.
	Mom is dressing Maggie.
	Dad is pointing to Bart.
	Mom is touching Lisa.
	Mom is washing Maggie.
	Mom is dressing Lisa.
4. Control Possessive (CP)	Lisa's mom is waving a flag.
	Bart's dad is petting a dog.
	Maggie's mom is petting a dog.
	Lisa's mom is driving a car.
	Lisa's mom is playing with blocks.
	Bart's dad is eating an ice cream.
	Maggie's mom is eating an ice cream.
	Bart's dad is licking a lamp post.