Effects of JUNCAO Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide on slaughter performance and intestinal health of Minxinan black rabbits

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis).

Ingredients	%
Corn	30.00
Alfalfa meal	30.00
Wheat bran	15.00
Peanut shell	10.00
Soybean meal	8.13
Rice bran	5.00
Premix compound	1.00
Calcium monohydrogen phosphate	0.47
Lysine	0.20
Methionine	0.20
Total	100.00
Nutrient contents
Digestible energy (MJ/kg) DE	10.20
CP	13.88
CF	16.29
Ash	5.93
Ca	0.60
P	0.49

Note: (1) DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. DE is calculated by calculating the sum of the product of the proportion and digestive energy of each ingredient.

(2) The premix provided the following per kg of diets: Cu 5 mg; Fe 50 mg; Zn 50 mg; Mn 8 mg; Mg 0.03 mg; I 0.5 mg; Se0.1 mg; Co:0.25 mg; VA 6000 IU; VD 1000 IU; VK 1.0 IU; VE 50 mg; VB₁ 1 mg; VB₂ 3 mg; VB₆ 1.2 mg; VB₁₂ 0.01 mg; folic acid 0.2 mg; pantothenic acid 10 mg; niacin: 30.0 mg; biotin 0.08 mg; choline 100 mg.

Figure 1. Effects of JCGLPP on the slaughter performance of Minxinan black rabbits. (a) Adjusted p values were calculated using Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001); (b) the p values of slope deviation from zero are both less than 0.01.

Table 2. Effects of JCGLPP on the carcass weight of Minxinan black rabbits.

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
Live weight before slaughter (g)	1152.93 ± 16.58c	1239.69 ± 24.56b	1212.54 ± 18.34bc	1317.55 ± 20.23a	<0.001
Eviscerated weight (g)	546.49 ± 11.67	568.53 ± 15.99	567.08 ± 5.04	598.93 ± 25.40	0.151
Full net bore rate (%)	48.10 ± 1.01	46.92 ± 0.55	47.13 ± 0.84	45.88 ± 1.75	0.591
Eviscerated weight with giblet (g)	587.55 ± 12.58	608.91 ± 16.27	606.68 ± 4.07	640.49 ± 26.21	0.143
Semi-clear bore ratio (%)	51.73 ± 1.06	50.18 ± 0.54	50.29 ± 0.89	49.07 ± 1.77	0.465

Note: ^a,b,cValues with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05). The same below.

Table 3. Effect of JCGLPP on cecal fermentation of Minxinan black rabbits.

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
pH value	6.23 ± 0.09^b	6.64 ± 0.12^a	6.49 ± 0.49^ab	6.51 ± 0.17^ab	0.132
Ammoniacal nitrogen (μg·g^−1)	218.81 ± 4.36^c	349.87 ± 8.36^a	308.02 ± 6.37^b	312.58 ± 10.03^b	<0.001
Acetic acid (mg·g^−1)	3.97 ± 1.25	2.49 ± 0.30	1.83 ± 0.21	2.77 ± 0.46	0.247
Isobutyric acid (mg·g^−1)	0.06 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.00	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.02	0.503
Isovaleric acid (mg·g^−1)	0.65 ± 0.14	0.41 ± 0.00	0.33 ± 0.06	0.49 ± 0.17	0.299
Propionic acid (mg·g^−1)	0.48 ± 0.15	0.35 ± 0.28	0.27 ± 0.45	0.38 ± 0.11	0.503
Butyric acid (mg·g^−1)	1.15 ± 0.37^a	0.50 ± 0.97^ab	0.43 ± 0.70^b	0.66 ± 0.52^ab	0.119

Table 4. Effect of JCGLPP on occludin of Minxinan black rabbits(ng·mL⁻¹).

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
Duodenum	4.80 ± 0.26^c	7.27 ± 0.19^a	5.92 ± 0.19^b	5.13 ± 0.26^c	<0.001
Jejunum	3.68 ± 0.22^c	6.17 ± 0.26^a	5.00 ± 0.26^b	4.02 ± 0.22^c	<0.001
Ileum	5.23 ± 0.27^c	7.62 ± 0.39^a	6.79 ± 0.25^ab	6.01 ± 0.24b^c	<0.001

Figure 2. (a). the OTU Venn diagram of microflora in the cecum of Minxinan black rabbits; (b) the bar chart of microflora in the cecum of Minxinan black rabbits. Note: A = Control(0 mg·kg⁻¹), B=(50 mg·kg⁻¹), C=(100 mg·kg⁻¹), D=(150 mg·kg⁻¹), the same below.

Figure 3. Dilution curve of cecum microorganism sequencing in Minxinan black rabbits. Note: A = Control (0 mg·kg⁻¹), B = Group I (50 mg·kg⁻¹), C = Group II (100 mg·kg⁻¹), D = Group III (150 mg·kg⁻¹).

Table 5. Effect of JCGLPP on cecal microbial Alpha diversity of Minxinan black rabbits.

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
Sobs	517.67 ± 17.64	506.33 ± 41.56	568.67 ± 15.76	561.00 ± 36.04	0.414
Shannon	4.45 ± 1.48^a	3.90 ± 0.14^b	4.47 ± 0.87^a	4.28 ± 0.90 ^ab	0.033
Simpson	0.03 ± 0.01	0.86 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.176
Ace	577.81 ± 14.98	590.29 ± 44.08	630.92 ± 2.86	635.36 ± 38.22	0.549
Chao	586.31 ± 19.10	584.68 ± 44.40	633.17 ± 32.67	640.82 ± 35.74	0.545
Coverage	0.998	0.997	0.997	0.997

Figure 4. Beta diversity analysis of microflora in the cecum of Minxinan black rabbits. (a) PCoA of rumen microbial composition based on weighted Unifrac; (b) PCoA of rumen microbial composition based on Unweighted Unifrac. Note: A = Control (0 mg·kg⁻¹), B = Group I (50 mg·kg⁻¹), C = Group II (100 mg·kg⁻¹), D = Group III (150 mg·kg⁻¹).

Figure 5. (a) Relative abundance of OTUs about the cecal microflora of Minxinan black rabbits on phylum level; (b) relative abundance of OTUs about the cecal microflora of Minxinan black rabbits on genus level. Note: A = Control (0 mg·kg⁻¹), B = Group I (50 mg·kg⁻¹), C = Group II (100 mg·kg⁻¹), D = Group III (150 mg·kg⁻¹).

Table 6. Relative abundance of microorganisms at phylum level (%).

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1) (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
Firmicutes	86.02 ± 2.36	82.30 ± 3.77	83.42 ± 2.71	84.51 ± 2.63	0.827
Bacteroidota	5.43 ± 1.08	6.33 ± 4.07	6.48 ± 1.90	6.89 ± 1.89	0.979
Actinobacteriota	2.43 ± 1.00	3.96 ± 1.12	4.14 ± 0.90	3.74 ± 1.27	0.671
unclassified_k__norank_d__Bacteria	2.83 ± 0.64	5.23 ± 1.99	1.81 ± 1.02	3.00 ± 0.84	0.323
Patescibacteria	1.02 ± 0.28	1.66 ± 0.19	2.03 ± 0.17	0.98 ± 0.28	0.035
Verrucomicrobiota	1.86 ± 1.12	0.22 ± 0.03	1.51 ± 0.79	0.66 ± 0.18	0.378
others	0.44 ± 0.08	0.31 ± 0.09	0.62 ± 0.22	0.22 ± 0.04	0.213

Table 7. Relative abundance of microorganisms at genus level (%).

Items	Control group (0 mg·kg^−1)	Group I (50 mg·kg^−1)	Group II (100 mg·kg^−1)	Group III (150 mg·kg^−1)	p-Value
NK4A214_group	10.85 ± 3.95	24.52 ± 7.62	16.75 ± 2.91	19.36 ± 0.70	0.272
norank_f__Eubacteriaceae	14.69 ± 6.93	21.70 ± 11.16	4.55 ± 2.04	14.71 ± 4.11	0.429
Christensenellaceae_R-7_group	6.71 ± 2.75	4.10 ± 0.39	9.78 ± 1.47	8.13 ± 1.44	0.203
unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae	8.04 ± 1.70^a	3.44 ± 0.19^b	5.24 ± 0.21^ab	6.60 ± 1.80^ab	0.134
Ruminococcus	5.72 ± 1.12	5.53 ± 1.40	7.54 ± 2.89	3.74 ± 0.73	0.528
V9D2013_group	3.53 ± 2.12	2.35 ± 1.71	3.11 ± 0.41	4.05 ± 2.10	0.912
Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group	4.97 ± 1.42^a	0.72 ± 0.30^b	4.06 ± 0.74^ab	3.18 ± 1.21^ab	0.081
Marvinbryantia	2.58 ± 0.56	4.03 ± 1.67	2.88 ± 0.53	3.49 ± 0.16	0.698
unclassified_k__norank_d__Bacteria	2.83 ± 0.64	5.23 ± 1.99	1.81 ± 1.02	3.00 ± 0.84	0.323
norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014	2.85 ± 0.23^b	1.64 ± 0.30^b	4.61 ± 0.42^a	2.13 ± 0.70^b	0.008
others	5.28 ± 0.35^a	3.07 ± 0.76^b	5.83 ± 0.63^a	4.67 ± 0.42^ab	0.040

Figure 6. LDA value distribution of cecal microflora in Minxinan black rabbits. Note: A = Control (0 mg·kg⁻¹), B = Group I (50 mg·kg⁻¹), C = Group II (100 mg·kg⁻¹), D = Group III (150 mg·kg⁻¹).

Figure 7. Functional classification bar chart of cecal microflora in Minxinan black rabbits. Note: A = Control (0 mg·kg⁻¹), B = (50 mg·kg⁻¹), C = (100 mg·kg⁻¹), D = (150 mg·kg⁻¹).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Q.H.L.], upon reasonable request.