Turmeric rhizomes reduced in vitro methane production and improved gas production and nutrient degradability

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of turmeric and incubated diet (g/kg DM).

	Turmeric	CFM^a	Berseem hay	Rice straw	Diet^b
Dry matter	917	903	890	940	893
Organic matter	929	923	884	851	819
Crude protein	59	165	128	42	136
Ether extract	79	47	54	19	62
Nonstructural carbohydrates	650	414	224	166	359
Neutral detergent fiber	141	297	478	624	379
Acid detergent fiber	663	175	381	394	240
Gross energy^c	4.40	4.35	4.17	3.73	3.95
Digestible energy^c	4.26	4.22	4.05	3.62	3.83
Metabolizable energy^c	3.88	3.82	3.65	3.20	3.44
Net energy for lactation^c	2.54	2.50	2.38	2.06	2.23

^aConcentrated feed mixture (CFM) contained per kg DM: 170 g soybean meal, 395 g wheat bran, 395 g maize, 20 g limestone, 10 g vitamins, minerals mixture and 10 g salt.

^bDiets: contained per kg DM: 500 g concentrate mixture, 400 g berseem hay and 100 g rice straw.

^cCalculated according to the equations of the NRC²³ as gross energy (GE, Mcal/kg DM) = CP × 0.056 + EE × 0.094 + carbohydrate × 0.042.

Digestible energy (DE, Mcal/kg DM) = 0.97 × GE.

Metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal/kg DM) = (1.01 × DE − 0.45) + 0.0046 (EE − 3).

Net energy for lactation (NEL, Mcal/kg DM) = 0.703 × ME − 0.19.

Table 2. Volatile compounds in turmeric identified by GC-MS analysis.

Compounds^a	Concentration (%)^b
ar-Turmerone	36.5
α-Turmerone	24.2
β-Turmerone	17.7
α-Phellandrene	6.17
Eucalyptol	3.2
Camphor	2.61
Fenchone	2.27
Terpinolene	1.53
α-Curcumene	1.44
Anethole	1.01
β-Curcumene	0.82
α-Humulene	0.73
β-pinene	0.67
1-Chloro-5-methyl hexane	0.64
α-pinene	0.51

^aIdentification based on authentic standards, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library spectra and literature.

^bConcentration based on the total areas of the identified peaks.

Figure 1. In vitro ruminal gas production of a total mixed ration supplemented with turmeric at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2% (DM basis). NDF is neutral detergent fiber degradability and ADF is acid detergent fiber.

Figure 2. In vitro ruminal methane (CH₄) production of a total mixed ration supplemented with turmeric at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2% (DM basis). NDF is neutral detergent fiber degradability and ADF is acid detergent fiber.

Table 3. In vitro rumen gas production (GP) and methane (CH₄) kinetics and cumulative gas production after 48 h of incubation as affected by increasing levels of turmeric (%, dry matter basis).

Level	GP parameters^a			CH4 parameters^b
	A	c	Lag	A	c	Lag	%^c
0	78	0.076	1.55	28.6	0.035	1.42	29.3
0.5	114	0.050	1.47	27.5	0.046	1.59	23.7
1	114	0.043	1.42	26.7	0.053	1.63	24.9
1.5	119	0.038	1.35	23.8	0.057	1.68	22.3
2	125	0.033	1.27	22.3	0.058	1.73	21.0
SEM	2.0	0.0010	0.070	0.70	0.0032	0.051	0.68
p value
Treatment	<0.001	<0.001	0.013	0.004	0.002	0.013	<0.001
Linear	<0.001	<0.001	0.011	<0.001	0.002	0.001	<0.001
Quadratic	<0.001	0.003	0.945	0.308	0.063	0.252	0.091

Means in the same row with different superscripts differ, p < 0.05. p-value is the observed significance level of the F-test for treatment; SEM = standard error of the mean.

^aGP parameters: A is the asymptotic GP (ml/g DM), c is the rate of GP (/h) and lag is the initial delay before GP begins (h).

^bMethane (CH₄) production parameters: A is the asymptotic CH₄ production (ml/g DM), c is the rate of CH₄ production (/h) and lag is the initial delay before CH₄ production begins (h).

^cThe proportional CH₄ at the end of incubation (48 h).

Table 4. In vitro rumen fermentation profile of diet with increasing levels of turmeric (%, dry matter basis).

Level	Degradability^a			SCFA^b						Fermentation^c
	DM	NDF	ADF	Total SCFA	C2	C3	C2:C3	C4	pH	NH3–N	ME	PF24	MCP
0	473	439	412	23.4	11.4	7.90	1.47	4.08	6.27	10.43	4.68	7.22	328
0.5	508	462	470	24.3	12.2	7.79	1.56	4.30	6.10	11.27	4.70	6.42	334
1	549	531	450	26.4	12.7	8.69	1.47	4.99	6.10	11.43	4.52	7.55	389
1.5	574	543	472	26.3	13.4	9.21	1.45	3.68	6.17	12.13	4.47	8.08	418
2	594	575	563	27.5	13.6	9.34	1.46	4.56	6.15	13.03	4.41	8.64	443
SEM	11.6	8.3	17.9	0.40	0.34	0.297	0.090	0.559	0.036	0.476	0.056	0.213	11.2
p value
Treatment	0.001	<0.001	0.002	0.001	0.006	0.011	0.902	0.566	0.044	0.030	0.016	0.003	<0.001
Linear	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.004	0.001	0.658	0.851	0.157	0.002	0.002	<0.001	<0.001
Quadratic	0.300	0.253	0.139	0.331	0.493	0.937	0.780	0.747	0.023	0.716	0.882	0.024	0.765

Means in the same row with different superscripts differ, p < 0.05. p-value is the observed significance level of the F-test for treatment; SEM = standard error of the mean.

^aDM is the dry matter degradability (mg/g incubated), OM is the organic matter degradability (mg/g incubated), NDF is the neutral detergent fiber degradability (mg/g incubated), ADF is the acid detergent fiber degradability (mg/g incubated).

^bSCFA is short chain fatty acids (mmol/L), C₂ is acetate (mmol/L), C₃ is propionate (mmol/L), C₄ is butyrate (mmol/L).

^cNH₃-N is ammonia-N (mg/g DM), ME is metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM), PF₂₄ is the partitioning factor at 24 h of incubation (mg degradable DM: mL gas), MCP is microbial CP production (mg/g DM).

NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th ed. National Academies Press; 2001.

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Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.