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Articles

Managing hindering self-focused attention in counseling sessions

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Pages 239-250 | Received 30 Jun 2014, Accepted 01 Sep 2015, Published online: 21 Oct 2015
 

Abstract

Objective:This study examined the moderation effects of management strategies on the association between hindering self-focused attention and counseling self-efficacy. Method: Participants were 160 counselor trainees. A hierarchical regression was used to analyze the data, and a simple effect analysis was used to explore the nature of the interaction. Results: Results indicated that, for trainees who used more basic counseling techniques, counseling self-efficacy remained the same no matter their hindering self-focused attention experiences. However, for those who used less basic counseling techniques, their counseling self-efficacy dropped when they had more experiences of hindering self-focused attention. Similarly, for trainees who used more self-awareness to understand clients, these trainees reported a similar level of counseling self-efficacy no matter their hindering self-focused attention experiences. Conversely, for those who used less self-awareness as a tool to understand their clients during their sessions, their counseling self-efficacy decreased when they had more experiences of hindering self-focused attention. Conclusion: This is the first study that extends the literature on direct, linear relationships between hindering self-focused attention and counseling self-efficacy. Results suggested two strategies (i.e., use of basic counseling techniques and use of self-awareness to understand clients) significantly moderate the above association.

Resumo

Objetivo: Este estudo examinou os efeitos moderadores das estratégias de manejo sobre a associação entre a atenção auto focalizada perturbadora e a auto eficácia no aconselhamento. Método: Participaram 160 conselheiros estagiários. Foi utilizada uma regressão hierárquica para analisar os dados, e uma análise de efeito simples foi utilizada para explorar a natureza da interação. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que, para os estagiários que usaram técnicas de aconselhamento mais básicas, a auto eficácia de aconselhamento permaneceu a mesma, independentemente das experiências de atenção auto focalizada perturbadoras. No entanto, para aqueles que usaram menos técnicas de aconselhamento básico, a auto eficácia de aconselhamento baixou quando tiveram mais experiências de atenção auto focalizada perturbadoras. Da mesma forma, aqueles que usaram mais autoconsciência para compreender os seus clientes relataram um nível semelhante de auto eficácia de aconselhamento, não importando suas experiências de atenção auto focalizada perturbadoras. Por outro lado, naqueles que usaram menos autoconsciência como uma ferramenta para entender seus clientes durante suas sessões, a auto eficácia de aconselhamento diminuiu quando tiveram mais experiências de atenção auto focalizada perturbadoras. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo que amplia a literatura sobre as relações diretas, lineares, entre atenção auto focalizada perturbadora e a auto eficácia de aconselhamento. Os resultados sugeriram duas estratégias (ou seja, o uso de técnicas básicas de aconselhamento e o uso da autoconsciência para entender os clientes) que moderam significativamente a associação acima mencionada.

Abstract

Ziel: Diese Studie untersuchte die Moderationseffekte von Bewältigungsstrategien auf den Zusammenhang zwischen hinderlicher, selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit und der therapeutischen Selbstwirksamkeit. Methode: 160 Psychotherapeuten in Ausbildung nahmen teil. Eine hierarchische Regression wurde verwendet, um die Daten zu analysieren und eine simple effects Analyse wurde verwendet, um die Art der Interaktion zu explorieren. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass bei Auszubildenden, die mehr therapeutische Basistechniken einsetzten, die therapeutische Selbstwirksamkeit gleich blieb, unabhängig von ihrem Erleben von hinderlicher, selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit. Bei Auszubildenden, die fortgeschrittenere therapeutische Techniken verwendeten, zeigte sich jedoch eine Abnahme der therapeutischen Selbstwirksamkeit, wenn sie vermehrt eine hinderliche, selbstfokussierte Aufmerksamkeit erlebten. In ähnlicher Weise berichteten Auszubildende, die verstärkt mit Selbstreflexion arbeiteten, um ihre Klienten zu verstehen, ein ähnliches Ausmaß therapeutischer Selbstwirksamkeit, unabhängig vom Erleben hinderlicher, selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit. Im Gegensatz dazu nahm die therapeutische Selbstwirksamkeit bei den Auszubildenden ab, die während ihrer Sitzungen weniger Selbstreflexion einsetzten, um ihre Klienten zu verstehen und vermehrt hinderliche, selbstfokussierte Aufmerksamkeit erlebten. Schlussfolgerung: Dies ist die erste Studie, welche die Literatur um direkte, lineare Zusammenhänge zwischen hinderlicher, selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit und therapeutischer Selbstwirksamkeit ergänzt. Die Befunde legen nahe, dass zwei Strategien (d.h. die Verwendung therapeutischer Basistechniken und die Verwendung von Selbstreflexion, um Klienten zu verstehen) den oben beschriebenen Zusammenhang signifikant moderieren.

摘要

目的:本研究檢視阻礙性自我關注與諮商自我效能關聯性當中,管理策略的調節效果。方法:研究參與者為160名諮商受訓者。資料分析方法為階層式迴歸,單純效果分析則用以探究交互作用的本質。結果:結果顯示使用越多基本諮商技術的受訓者,無論他們的阻礙性自我關注經驗如何,其諮商自我效能維持相同。然而,使用較少基本諮商技術的受訓者,當他們經驗較多的阻礙性自我關注時,其諮商自我效能下降。類似的情況亦見於當受訓者使用較多自我覺察來理解當事人時,無論他們阻礙性自我關注經驗如何,其諮商自我效能程度皆相似。相反的,在諮商晤談歷程中,較少使用自我覺察為工具來理解當事人的受訓者,當他們經驗到較多阻礙性自我關注時,其諮商自我效能下降。結論:此研究為第一份延伸既有文獻中討論阻礙性自我關注與諮商自我效能的直接與線性關係的研究。結果指出兩種策略(意即:使用基本諮商技巧以及使用自我覺察以理解當事人)可以顯著地調節上述關聯。

Obiettivo: Questo studio ha esaminato gli effetti di moderazione delle strategie di gestione sull'associazione tra l'interruzione dell'attenzione focalizzata su di sè e il senso di efficacia personale nel counseling. Metodo: I partecipanti erano 160 counselor tirocinanti. E' stata usata una regressione gerarchica per analizzare i dati e un'analisi di effetto semplice per esplorare la natura dell'interazione. Risultati: I risultati hanno indicato che, nei tirocinanti che hanno utilizzato tecniche di counselling più di base, il senso di efficacia personale nel counseling rimaneva invariato, indipendentemente dalla propria esperienza di interruzione dell'attenzione focalizzata su di sè. Comunque, in quelli che hanno utilizzato tecniche di counselling meno di base, la loro efficacia personale nel counseling crollava quando avevano maggiori esperienze di arresto dell'attenzione focalizzata su di sè. Analogamente, nei tirocinanti che hanno usato maggiormente la consapevolezza di sè per comprendere i pazienti, questi tirocinanti hanno riportato un livello simile di efficacia personale nel counseling indipendentemente dalla loro esperienza di arresto dell'attenzione focalizzata su di sè. Al contrario, per chi ha usato meno la consapevolezza di sè come strumento per capire i pazienti nel corso delle sedute, la loro efficacia nel counseling diminuiva quando avevano più esperienze di blocco dell'attenzione focalizzata su di sè. Conclusione: Questo è il primo studio che estende la letteratura sulla relazione diretta e lineare tra l'ostacolare l'attenzione focalizzata su di sè e il senso di efficacia personale nel counseling. I risultati suggeriscono due strategie che moderano in modo significativo le associazioni di sopra (ad esempio, l'uso di tecniche di counseling di base e l'uso della consapevolezza di sè per capire i pazienti).

Notes

1 Counselor trainees’ training program and theoretical orientation can be considered potential confounding variables. Therefore, we further controlled the potential effects of these two variables as covariates. The significant pattern for the moderation effects remained the same after adding these two variables into the model. In other words, two-way interactions accounted for an incremental 8% of the variance in counseling self-efficacy. Specifically, the interaction of hindering self-focused attention and the use of basic counseling techniques (b = .22, β =  19, p = .03) was significant in predicting counseling self-efficacy. Similarly, the interaction of hindering self-focused attention and the use of self-awareness to understand clients (b = .32, β = .26, p = .004) was significant in predicting counseling self-efficacy.

Moreover, results from a simple effect analysis indicated that, for counselor trainees who used more basic counseling techniques, counseling self-efficacy remained the same no matter the level of hindering self-focused attention (b = -0.11, β = -.09, p = .44). However, for counselor trainees who used less basic counseling techniques, their counseling self-efficacy dropped when their level of hindering self-focused attention increased (b = −0.55, β = −.45, p < .001). Finally, for trainees who used more self-awareness to understand their clients in session, these trainees reported a similar level of counseling self-efficacy no matter their level of hindering self-focused attention (b = −0.01, β = −.01, p = .95). In contrast, for those who used less self-awareness as a tool to understand their clients in session, their counseling self-efficacy decreased when their level of hindering self-focused attention increased (b = −0.65, β = −.53, p < .001).

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