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ARTICLES

“If those tears could talk, what would they say?” Multi-method analysis of a corrective experience in brief dynamic therapyFootnote

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Pages 217-234 | Received 10 Dec 2015, Accepted 14 Apr 2016, Published online: 27 May 2016
 

Abstract

We analyzed master theorist/therapist Hanna Levenson’s six-session work with “Ann” in American Psychological Association’s Theories of Psychotherapy video series to determine if and how this client had a corrective experience in Brief Dynamic Therapy. First, we identified indicators of a corrective experience in the therapist’s and client’s own words. Complementing this analysis, we used observational coding to identify, moment by moment, narrative-emotion markers of shifts in Ann’s “same old story”; the frequency, type, and depth of immediacy; and the client’s and therapist’s behavioral contributions to the working alliance. Additionally, we qualitatively analyzed Levenson’s session-by-session accounts of the therapy from two sources. Convergent evidence from these multi-method analyses suggested how the intertwined relational and technical change processes seemed to bring about this client’s corrective experience. Through consistent attention to the alliance and increasingly deep immediacy, Levenson created a safe space for Ann to “bring down the wall”—by allowing herself to cry and be deeply understood and cared for in a way that she had never before experienced. Concurrently, Ann began seeing herself quite differently, signified by self-identity narrative change. Then, following Session 4, she took Levenson’s suggestion to risk behaving more authentically with a friend and with her romantic partner.

Resumo

Analisamos o trabalho de seis sessões da mestre teórica / terapeuta Hanna Levenson com “Ann” na série de vídeos teorias de psicoterapia da Associação Psicológica Americana para determinar se e como essa cliente teve uma experiência corretiva em terapia dinâmica breve. Primeiro, identificamos indicadores de uma experiência corretiva nas próprias palavras da terapeuta e da cliente. Complementando essa análise, utilizamos a codificação observacional para identificar, momento a momento, marcadores narrativo-emocionais de mudanças na “mesma velha história” de Ann; a frequência, o tipo e a profundidade do imediatismo; e as contribuições comportamentais da cliente e da terapeuta para a aliança de trabalho. Além disso, analisamos qualitativamente os relatos de sessão por sessão de Levenson sobre a terapia a partir de duas fontes. Evidências convergentes dessas análises multi-método sugeriram como os processos de mudança entrelaçados relacionais e técnicos pareciam trazer a experiência corretiva dessa cliente. Através de uma atenção consistente à aliança e ao imediatismo cada vez mais profundo, Levenson criou um espaço seguro para Ann “derrubar a parede” - permitindo-se chorar e ser profundamente entendida e cuidada de uma maneira que ela nunca havia experimentado antes. Ao mesmo tempo, Ann começou a se ver de maneira bem diferente, significada pela mudança narrativa da identidade. Então, seguindo a Sessão 4, ela tomou a sugestão de Levenson para arriscar se comportar mais autenticamente com uma amiga e com seu parceiro romântico.

Zusammenfassung

Wir analysierten die Arbeit von Meistertheoretikerin/-therapeutin Hanna Levenson in ihren sechs Sitzungen mit „Ann“ aus der Videoreihe „Theorien der Psychotherapie“ von der American Psychological Association, um zu untersuchen, ob diese Klientin eine korrektive Erfahrung in der psychodynamischen Kurzzeittherapie machen konnte. Erst identifizierten wir Indikatoren einer korrektiven Erfahrung in den Worten der Therapeutin und der Klientin. Ergänzend zu dieser Analyse verwandten wir eine Beobachtungskodierung, um narrativ-emotionale Marker von Veränderungen in der „selben alten Geschichte“ von Ann (Häufigkeit, Typ, Unmittelbarkeitstiefe) sowie das Therapeuten- und Klientenverhalten, das zur therapeutischen Arbeitsbeziehung beitrug, Moment für Moment zu identifizieren. Zusätzlich führten wir anhand von zwei Quellen eine qualitative Analyse der Sitzungsaufzeichnungen von Levenson durch. Konvergierende Belege aus den Analysen der verschiedenen angewandten Methoden legen nahe, dass wechselseitige beziehungsbezogene und technische Veränderungsprozesse scheinbar die korrektive Erfahrung dieser Klientin bewirkten. Durch die konsistente Aufmerksamkeit auf die Beziehung und eine zunehmend tiefe Unmittelbarkeit, schaffe Levenson einen sicheren Ort, an dem Ann ihre „Mauer herunterlassen“ konnte, sich erlauben konnte zu weinen, tiefgehend verstanden und auf einer Art und Weise versorgt zu werden, die sie bis dahin nie erlebt hatte. Gleichzeitig begann Ann sich selbst anders zu sehen, gekennzeichnet durch eine Veränderung des Selbstnarrativs bezüglich der eigenen Identität. Nach der vierten Sitzung nahm sie den Vorschlag von Levenson an, das Risiko einzugehen und sich gegenüber einem Freund und ihrem romantischen Partner sich authentischer zu verhalten.

摘要

我們分析了美國心理學會出版的心理治療理論影帶系列中,資深理論學者/治療師Hanna Levenson跟“Ann”的六次晤談歷程,以判斷當事人是否及如何在短期動力治療中產生矯正性經驗。首先,我們將治療師及當事人自己定義的矯正性經驗當成指標。為了補充上述分析,我們運用觀察編碼,逐步地辨識Ann的重述舊故事中敘說--情緒轉變的標誌;立即性的頻率、類型與深度;有助於工作同盟的當事人及治療師行為。此外,我們針對上述兩個來源,逐次地對治療師的陳述進行質化分析。從多重方法分析的聚歛證據顯示,關係及技術的改變過程之交織情形,可能帶來當事人的矯正性經驗。藉由持續地關注工作同盟及逐漸加深之立即性,Lavenson藉著允許Ann哭泣,並用她過去從未經驗過的方式來理解與關懷她,來為Ann創造了一個可以卸下心防的安全空間。同時,Ann的自我認同敘說也顯示,她開始用嶄新的方式看待自己。隨後,在第四次晤談結束後,她接受Lavenson的建議,冒險地與朋友及伴侶更真實地互動。

Abbiamo analizzato il lavoro della teorico/terapeuta Hanna Levenson in sei sedute con "Ann" nella serie di video dell'American Psychological Association's Theories of Psychotherapy per determinare se e come questa paziente ha avuto un'esperienza correttiva nel corso di una Terapia Dinamica Breve. Innanzitutto, abbiamo identificato gli indicatori di un'esperienza correttiva nelle parole del terapeuta e del paziente. Per completare questa analisi, abbiamo usato una codifica osservazionale per identificare, momento per momento, i segnali narrativo-emotivi dei cambiamenti nella "stessa vecchia storia" di Ann; la frequenza, il tipo e la profondità dell'immediatezza; e i contributi comportamentali del paziente e del terapeuta all'alleanza di lavoro. Inoltre, abbiamo analizzato qualitativamente i resoconti di Levenson della terapia, seduta per seduta, a partire da due fonti. Le prove convergenti di queste analisi multi-metodo hanno suggerito che i processi di cambiamento tecnico e relazionale intrecciati sembravano portare all'esperienza correttiva di questa paziente. Attraverso un'attenzione costante all'alleanza e una sempre più profonda immediatezza, Levenson ha creato uno spazio sicuro per Ann per "abbattere il muro", permettendo a se stessa di piangere e di essere profondamente compresa e di permettere a un'altra persona di prendersi cura di lei in un modo che non aveva mai sperimentato prima. Contemporaneamente, Ann ha iniziato a vedersi in modo molto diverso, espressione del cambiamento narrativo dell'identità di sé. Quindi, dopo la seduta 4, ha accettato il suggerimento di Levenson di rischiare di comportarsi in modo più autentico con un amico e con il proprio partner.

Notes

† The research described in this article was presented in a symposium called, “What makes a therapy experience ‘corrective’? A multi-method analysis of a Brief Dynamic Therapy case conducted by Hanna Levenson” at the annual conference of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (2015, June) in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

1 Levenson (Citation2010) altered several aspects of the case for confidentiality, and the client provided written permission for the case to be published, as well as portions of her 2015 interview with Levenson (in the online supplement).

2 This content is transcribed and adapted with permission from American Psychological Association (Citation2010), ©2010 American Psychological Association. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted without written permission from the American Psychological Association.

3 Although Safety within the Therapeutic System has many client indicators that pertain to individual as well as conjoint therapy, the therapist version has only three such indicators. For this reason, we only identified and rated the client’s SAFETY behavior.

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