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ARTICLES

Implementation and evaluation of treatments for children and adolescents with conduct problems: Findings, challenges, and future directions

Pages 3-17 | Received 19 Feb 2016, Accepted 24 Jun 2016, Published online: 22 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: The intervention work of our clinical-research team has focused on the treatment of children and young adolescents referred for Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Method: We have evaluated two interventions: parent management training (PMT) and cognitive problem-solving skills training in several randomized controlled clinical trials. Results: Our findings have indicated the treatments, alone or in combination, produce reliable and significant reductions in oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behaviour and increases in prosocial behaviour among children. Parent dysfunction (depression, multiple symptom domains) and stress decline and family relations improve as well. Apart from outcome studies, we have studied the therapeutic alliance, factors that influence dropping out and retaining cases, and variations of treatment delivery (e.g., computer based, reduced therapist contact). Conclusions: The article considers challenges in conducting controlled trials in clinic settings (e.g., recruiting cases, maintaining treatment integrity, securing funding) and activities related to implementation that are not easily covered within the confines of research articles. The article ends with a discussion of one of the treatments (PMT) and the broad role it can play in treatment, prevention, and help with many parenting challenges of everyday life.

Resumo

Objetivo: o trabalho de intervenção da nossa equipe de pesquisa clínica se concentrou no tratamento de crianças e jovens adolescentes encaminhados para Transtorno de Conduta ou Transtorno desafiador de oposição. Método: Nós avaliamos duas intervenções: treinamento de manejo dos pais (TMP) e treinamento de habilidades cognitivas para resolução de problemas em vários ensaios clínicos randomizados. Resultados: Nossos achados indicaram que os tratamentos, isolados ou em combinação, produzem reduções confiáveis ⁣⁣e significativas no comportamento de oposição, agressivo e antisocial e aumentos no comportamento pró social entre as crianças. A disfunção dos pais (depressão, múltiplos domínios dos sintomas) e declínio do estresse e relações familiares também melhoram. Além dos estudos de desfechos, estudamos a aliança terapêutica, fatores que influenciam o abandono e a manutenção de casos, e variações na administração do tratamento (por exemplo, com base em computador, contato terapêutico reduzido). Conclusão: O artigo considera os desafios na realização de ensaios controlados em ambientes clínicos (por exemplo, recrutamento de casos, manutenção da integridade do tratamento, garantia de financiamento) e atividades relacionadas à implementação que não são facilmente abordadas dentro dos limites dos artigos de pesquisa. O artigo termina com a discussão de um dos tratamentos (TMP) e o papel amplo que pode desempenhar no tratamento, prevenção e ajuda com muitos desafios parentais da vida cotidiana.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Die Interventionsarbeit unseres klinischen Forschungsteams fokussierte auf die Behandlung von Kindern und jungen Jugendlichen, die wegen Störungen des Sozialverhaltens oder oppositionellem Trotzverhalten überwiesen wurden. Methode: Im Rahmen mehrerer randomisiert kontrollierter klinischer Studien haben wir zwei Interventionen evaluiert: ein Elternmanagementtraining (PMT) und ein Training der kognitiven Problemlösefähigkeiten. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Behandlungen, jeweils alleine oder in Kombination, zu einer reliablen und signifikanten Abnahme von oppositionellem, aggressivem und antisozialem Verhalten und zu einer Zunahme prosozialen Verhaltens unter den Kindern führen. Weiterhin nehmen die Dysfunktionalität der Eltern (Depression, multiple Symptombereiche) und Stress ab und die familiären Beziehungen verbessern sich. Neben den Ergebnisstudien haben wir die therapeutische Allianz, Faktoren, die den Abbruch und das Beibehalten von Fällen beeinflussen, und unterschiedliche Behandlungsmodalitäten (z.B. computerbasiert, reduzierter Therapeutenkontakt) untersucht. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Artikel berücksichtigt Herausforderungen bei der Durchführung von kontrollierten Studien im klinischen Umfeld (z.B. Fallrekrutierung, Aufrechterhaltung der Behandlungsintegrität, Finanzierung) und implementierungsbezogene Aktivitäten, die nicht gut im engen Rahmen von Forschungsartikeln diskutiert werden können. Der Artikel endet mit der Diskussion einer der Behandlungen (PMT) und der breitflächigen Rolle, die sie bei der Behandlung, der Prävention und der Unterstützung bei vielen Herausforderungen im Bereich der Erziehung im Alltag spielen kann.

摘要

目標:本臨床研究團隊的治療工作長期以來聚焦於兒童與青少年品行疾患或對立反抗疾患的治療。方法:我們評量兩種治療方式:親職管理訓練(PMT)和認知問題解決技巧訓練,並運用數個隨機對照臨床試驗法。結果:我們發現無論單獨或合併治療,均能夠可靠且顯著地降低對立、攻擊和反社會行為,且增加兒童的利社會行為。此外,不僅降低父母失功能(憂鬱、多重症狀方面)和壓力狀況,也同時增進家庭關係。除了效果的研究,我們也研究治療同盟,影響個案中輟和續留的因素、以及不同治療服務方式的差異(例如:運用電腦、降低治療師接觸)。結論:本文認為在研究論文的限制下,在臨床場所進行對照組試驗(例如:招募個案、維持治療的統整性、確保經費來源)和治療相關活動是不容易的。本文的總結係討論治療方法之一(PMT),及其在治療、預防、以及協助日常生活的諸多親職挑戰中所扮演的廣泛角色。

Obiettivo: il lavoro del nostro gruppo di ricerca clinica si è concentrato sul trattamento di bambini e giovani adolescenti con Disturbo della condotta o Disturbo oppositivo provocatorio. Metodo: Abbiamo valutato due interventi: il training di gestione dei genitori (PMT) e un training cognitivo di abilità di problem solving in ⁣⁣diversi studi clinici randomizzati controllati. Risultati: I nostri risultati hanno indicato che i trattamenti, da soli o in combinazione, producono una riduzione affidabile e significativa del comportamento oppositivo, aggressivo e antisociale e aumento del comportamento prosociale tra i bambini. Diminuiscono lo stress e le disfunzioni dei genitori (depressione, molteplici domini sintomatologici) e migliorano anche le relazioni familiari. Oltre agli studi sugli esiti, abbiamo studiato l'alleanza terapeutica, i fattori che influenzano il drop out e il restare in trattamento, e le variazioni nell'effettuazione del trattamento (ad es., contatto con il terapeuta ridotto, basato sul computer). Conclusioni: l'articolo esamina le sfide nella conduzione di studi controllati in contesti clinici (ad es. casi di reclutamento, mantenimento dell'integrità del trattamento, messa in sicurezza dei finanziamenti) e attività relative all'implementazione che non sono facilmente considerate nell'ambito degli articoli di ricerca. L'articolo termina con una discussione su uno dei trattamenti (PMT) e il ruolo ampio che può svolgere nel trattamento, nella prevenzione e nell'aiuto con molte sfide genitoriali della vita di tutti i giorni.

Acknowledgements

Essential to the work has been a truly remarkable team that has included therapists, research staff, post-doctoral trainees, graduate and undergraduate interns, and many collaborators who have at the Yale Parenting Center over the years.

Notes

1 We have developed other measures including the Children’s Pleasure Scale—to measure anhedonia or the experience of pleasure among children and the Hopelessness Scale for Children—to measure pessimism and risk for suicidality (e.g. Kazdin, Citation1989; Kazdin, Rodgers, & Colbus, Citation1986). These were part of a separate program of research on childhood depression and are beyond the scope of this article.

Additional information

Funding

Research reported in this article was facilitated by support from a Research Scientist Development Award and Research Scientist Awards [grant number K02, K05 MH00353], a MERIT Award [grant number R01 MH35408], and other project grants [grant number R01 MH59029], [grant number R34 MH093326] from the National Institute of Mental Health and grants from the Jack Parker Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Leon Lowenstein Foundation, the Rivendell Foundation of America, the William T. Grant Foundation [grant number 98-1872-98], Community Foundation of New Haven, and Yale University.

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