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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

Client interpersonal impacts as mediators of long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy integrated with motivational interviewing for generalized anxiety disorder

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Pages 861-872 | Received 12 Jul 2016, Accepted 24 Feb 2017, Published online: 24 Mar 2017
 

Abstract

Objective: A recent trial of generalized anxiety disorder treatment (Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., & Antony, M. M. (2016). Integrating Motivational Interviewing With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Allegiance-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 768–782. doi:10.1037/ccp0000098) revealed that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) integrated with motivational interviewing (MI) outperformed CBT alone across a 12-month follow up. The present study examined whether this treatment effect was mediated by MI-CBT clients engaging over time in during-session interpersonal behaviors reflecting more friendly dominance, or agentic actions, and less friendly submissiveness (FS), or trustingly compliant actions both theory-specific MI mechanisms. Method: Clients received 15 sessions of MI-CBT (n = 42) or CBT alone (n = 43). Therapists rated client interpersonal behavior following five sessions, and clients rated their worry at baseline, each session, and 6- and 12-month follow up. Mediator and outcome variables were derived from multilevel models. Mediation was tested using a bootstrapping procedure. Results: There was a significant indirect effect for FS. As expected, CBT clients evidenced greater increases in FS than MI-CBT clients, which in turn, though unexpectedly, related to lower 12-month worry. However, long-term CBT outcomes remained inferior to MI-CBT outcomes even with CBT clients’greater increase in FS. Conclusions: Results suggest that CBT outcomes are more positive when clients trustingly comply; however, MI-CBT remained superior, but for as yet unexplained reasons.

Abstract

Obiettivo: un recente studio sul trattamento del disturbo d'ansia generalizzato (Westra, HA, Constantino, MJ, & Antony, M.M. (2016). Integrazione dell'intervista motivazionale con la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale per grave disturbo d'ansia generalizzato: uno studio clinico randomizzato controllato per fedeltà. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 768–782. doi:10.1037/ccp0000098) ha mostrato che la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale (CBT) integrata con interviste motivazionali (MI) ha aumentato l'efficacia della CBT da sola al follow-up di 12 mesi. Questo studio ha valutato se questo effetto sul trattamento fosse mediato da pazienti MI-CBT impegnati nel tempo in comportamenti interpersonali nel corso delle sedute che riflettevano un dominio più amichevole, o azioni agonistiche, e minor sottomissione amichevole (FS), o azioni con fiducia conformi ai meccanismi teoria-specifici delle MI. Metodo: i pazienti hanno ricevuto 15 sedute di MI-CBT (n=42) o solo di CBT (n=43). I terapeuti hanno valutato il comportamento interpersonale del paziente dopo cinque sedute e i pazienti hanno valutato la loro preoccupazione all'inizio, a ciascuna seduta e a un follow-up a 6 e 12 mesi. Sono state derivate variabili di mediazione e di esito con modelli multilivello. La mediazione è stata testata utilizzando una procedura di bootstrap. Risultati: c'è stato un effetto indiretto significativo per la FS. Come previsto, i pazienti CBT hanno evidenziato un maggior aumento di FS rispetto ai pazienti MI-CBT, che a loro volta, anche se inaspettatamente, erano correlati a una preoccupazione inferiore a 12 mesi. Tuttavia, gli esiti della CBT a lungo termine sono rimasti inferiori agli esiti della MI-CBT, anche se con il maggiore aumento di FS nei pazienti CBT. Conclusioni: i risultati suggeriscono che gli esiti della CBT sono più positivi quando i clienti aderiscono con fiducia al trattamento; tuttavia, la MI-CBT è rimasto superiore, ma per ragioni ancora non chiarite.

Significato clinico o metodologico di questo articolo: I risultati evidenziano l'importanza clinica che pazienti GAD siano più amichevolmente dominanti nella relazione terapeutica indipendentemente dal fatto che abbiano ricevuto CBT o MICBT integrato. Inoltre, clinicamente sembra indicato incorporare i principi e le tecniche MI nella CBT quando si trattano GAD gravi, poiché ciò garantisce un beneficio in più nel lungo periodo. Ciononostante, i terapeuti CBT sembrano avere un maggior grado di fiducia da parte dei pazienti rispetto ai terapeuti MI CBT, che possono essere utili nella CBT. In effetti, questa sottomissione sopprimeva quello che sarebbe stato un effetto amplificatore ancora più grande di MI sui risultati a lungo termine (cioè, mediazione incoerente). Con questi risultati inaspettati, non è ancora chiaro perché la condizione terapeutica integrativa ha conferito un vantaggio.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Eine neuere Studie der Behandlung von generalisierter Angststörung (Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., und Antony, M. M. (2016). Integrating Motivational Interviewing With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Allegiance-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 768-782. doi:10.1037/ccp0000098) zeigte, dass kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) mit integriertem Motivational Interviewing (MI) über eine 12-Monats-Katamnese der KVT allein überlegen war. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte, ob dieser Behandlungseffekt durch Verhaltensweisen der MI-KVT-Klienten mediiert wurde, die sich innerhalb der Sitzungen an zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltensweisen, die freundliche Dominanz reflektierten oder agentiven Handlungen und weniger freundlicher Unterwürfigkeit (FS), oder vertrauenswürdig konformen Handlungen beteiligten, die beide theoriespezifische MI Mechanismen sind. Methode: Die Klienten erhielten 15 Sitzungen MI-KVT (n=42) oder KVT allein (n=43). Therapeuten bewerteten das interpersonale Verhalten der Klienten nach fünf Sitzungen, und die Klienten bewerteten ihre Sorge zu Beginn, bei jeder Sitzung und zur 6- und 12- Monats-Katamnese. Mediator- und Ergebnisvariablen wurden von Mehrebenenmodellen abgeleitet. Die Mediation wurde mit einer Bootstrapping-Prozedur getestet. Ergebnisse: Es gab einen signifikanten indirekten Effekt für FS. Wie erwartet zeigten KVT-Klienten größere Zunahmen in FS als MI-KVT-Klienten, was wiederum, obwohl unerwartet, mit niedrigerer Sorge bei der 12-Monats-Katamnese zusammenhing. Die Langzeit-KVT-Ergebnisse blieben jedoch den MI-KVT-Ergebnissen unterlegen, trotz der größeren Zunahme in FS bei KVT-Patienten. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die KVT-Ergebnisse positiver sind, wenn die Klienten vertrauensvoll mitmachen; dennoch blieb die MI-KVT überlegen, jedoch aus noch ungeklärten Gründen.

Resumo

Objetivo: Um recente estudo sobre o tratamento do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (Westra, HA, Constantino, MJ e Antony, MM (2016). Integrating Motivational Interviewing With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Allegiance-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 768–782. doi:10.1037/ccp0000098) revelou que a terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) integrada à entrevista motivacional (EM) superou a TCC sozinha ao longo de 12 meses de acompanhamento. O presente estudo examinou se esse efeito do tratamento era mediado pelo envolvimento, ao longo do tempo, dos clientes de TCC-EM em comportamentos interpessoais durante a sessão refletindo dominância mais amistosa, ou ações como agente e submissão menos amistosa (SMA) ou ações de confiança em conformidade, ambos mecanismos específicos da teoria da EM. Método: Os pacientes receberam 15 sessões de TCC-EM (n=42) ou TCC isoladamente (n=43). Os terapeutas classificaram o comportamento interpessoal do cliente após cinco sessões e os clientes avaliaram sua preocupação no início do estudo, em cada sessão e no acompanhamento de 6 e 12 meses. As variáveis mediadoras e de resultado foram derivadas de modelos multiníveis. A mediação foi testada usando um procedimento de bootstrapping. Resultados: Houve um efeito indireto significativo para SMA. Como esperado, os clientes da TCC evidenciaram maiores aumentos no SMA do que nos clientes do TCC-EM, o que, por sua vez, embora inesperadamente, esteja relacionado à menor preocupação de 12 meses. No entanto, os desfechos em longo prazo da TCC permaneceram inferiores aos desfechos do TCC-EM, mesmo com o aumento de SMA dos clientes de TCC. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que os resultados da TCC são mais positivos quando os clientes aderem com confiança; no entanto, o TCC-EM permaneceu superior, mas por razões ainda não explicadas.

摘要目的:最近一篇關於廣泛性焦慮疾患治療的實驗 (Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., & Antony, M. M. (2016)。結合動機式晤談與認知行為治療應用於嚴重廣泛性焦慮疾患患者:一個控制住忠誠度的隨機臨床實驗。諮詢與臨床心理學期刊,84, 768-782.doi:10.1037 / ccp0000098)顯示,認知行為療法(CBT)結合動機式晤談(MI)在治療結束後12個月的追蹤療效,優於單獨使用CBT。本研究檢視此實驗效果是否受到接受MI-CBT介入之個案,在處遇期間持續表現的下列人際行為所影響:更多的友善支配或主導行為(agentic actions),與較少的友善順從(FS)或信任順從的行為,這些都是MI理論專屬的機制。研究方法:個案接受15次的MI-CBT(n=42)或單獨的CBT(n=43)。治療師在五次的處遇後評估個案的人際互動行為,而個案則是在基準線、每次處遇和6個月、12個月的追蹤評估自己的擔憂(worry)。以多階層模式取得調節與結果變項,並以自助抽樣程序來檢驗調節變項。結果:FS存在顯著的間接影響,正如預期,CBT個案在FS的增加量大於MI-CBT個案,而這又意外地與第12個月追蹤時較低的擔憂分數有關。然而,即使CBT個案的FS愈來愈增加,但長期而言CBT的效果仍然不如MI-CBT。結論:當個案表現信任而順從的行為時,CBT的效果更正向,然而,MICBT仍更具優勢,但原因尚不清楚。

本文的臨床或方法學意義:本研究結果凸顯GAD個案在治療關係中變得更加友善支配的臨床重要性,無論他們接受的是單獨的CBT或結合的MICBT。此外,臨床上似乎指出在治療嚴重GAD時應將MI精神和技術納入CBT,因為如此作法長期而言有附加的益處。儘管如此,CBT治療師確實比MI-CBT治療師更能促進個案的信任順從,這對CBT來說是有益的。的確這種順從長久以往會抑制了原本MI可以發揮的更大增強效果(即不一致的調節)。至於目前所呈現的非預期結果,仍無法說明為何整合治療佔有優勢。

Notes

1 As noted in the main outcome report (Westra et al.), diagnostic interrater reliability was good (kappa = .95 for GAD diagnosis, and .87 for all other diagnoses based on a randomly selected sample of trial patients).

2 We only accounted for possible therapist effects on our mediator variables because the main outcome paper reported that therapists accounted for less than 1% of the variability in both worry reduction across the 12-month follow-up period and worry level at the 12-month assessment (see Westra et al., Citation2016).

3 Note that consistent with Westra et al. (Citation2016) we used the last observation carried forward for patients who were missing their posttreatment PSWQ measure.

4 To corroborate our results, we used the Mplus program to conduct multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) mediational analyses (Preacher, Zyphur, & Zhang, Citation2010). For the two mediational models examining the indirect effect of treatment on worry change through IMI (FD/FS) change, we ran 2-1-1 models (with treatment group as a between subjects variable, and with the mediator and outcome variable as within subjects variables). For the two mediational models examining the indirect effect of treatment on worry level through IMI (FD/FS) change, we ran 2-1-2 models (with treatment group and worry as between subjects variables, and with the mediator as a within subjects variable). Across these four analyses, the pattern of results held, with the only significant indirect effect being that of treatment on worry level through FS change (p= .01).

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (MOP -114909).

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