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ARTICLES

How clients “change emotion with emotion”: A programme of research on emotional processing

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Pages 165-182 | Received 07 Oct 2015, Accepted 16 Jun 2017, Published online: 17 Jul 2017
 

Abstract

This paper reviews a body of research that has examined Pascual-Leone and Greenberg’s sequential model of emotional processing or used its accompanying measure (the Classification of Affective Meaning States). Research from 24 studies using a plurality of methods examined process–outcome relationships from micro to macro levels of observation and builds support for emotional transformation as a possible causal mechanism of change in psychotherapy. A pooled sample of 310 clinical and 130 sub-clinical cases have been studied, reflecting the process of 7 different treatment approaches in addressing over 5 different presenting clinical problems (including depression, anxiety, relational trauma, and personality disorders). The initial findings on this model support the hypothesis that emotional transformation occurs in specific canonical sequences and these show large effects in the prediction of positive treatment outcomes. This model is the first in the field of psychotherapy to show how non-linear temporal patterns of moment-by-moment process relate to the unfolding of increasingly larger changes to create good psychotherapy treatment outcomes. Finally, clinical application of the model is also considered as a template for case formulations focused on emotion.

Clinical or methodological significance of this article: This review article examines research on a specific model of emotional processing. (i) Experiencing certain key emotions during psychotherapy seems to predict good treatment outcomes, at both the session and treatment levels. (ii) There is also evidence to suggest that these productive emotional experiences unfold in an ordered pattern. Moreover, (iii) support for this way of understanding emotional processing comes from a number of very different treatment approaches and for several kinds of major disorders.

Resumo

Este artigo analisa um conjunto de pesquisas que examinaram o modelo sequencial de processamento emocional de Pascual-Leone e Greenberg ou que usa a sua medida de acompanhamento (a Classificação dos Estados de Significado Afetivo). Pesquisas de 24 estudos usando uma pluralidade de métodos examinando relações processo-resultado de micro a macro níveis de observação dão sustentação para a transformação emocional como um possível mecanismo causal de mudança na psicoterapia. Uma amostra que reuniu 310 casos clínicos e 130 casos subclínicos foi estudadas, refletindo o processo de 7 abordagens de tratamento diferentes para abordar mais 5 diferentes problemas clínicos distintos apresentados (incluindo depressão, ansiedade, trauma relacional e transtornos de personalidade). As descobertas iniciais sobre este modelo apoiam a hipótese de que a transformação emocional ocorre em sequências canônicas específicas e estes mostram grandes efeitos na predição de resultados positivos do tratamento. Este modelo é o primeiro no campo da psicoterapia a mostrar como os padrões temporais não lineares do processo momento a momento se relacionam com o desdobramento de mudanças cada vez maiores para criar bons resultados de tratamento psicoterápico. Finalmente, a aplicação clínica do modelo também é considerada como modelo para formulações de casos focados em emoção.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht die Forschungslage zum sequenziellen Modell der emotionalen Verarbeitung von Pascual-Leone und Greenberg und dem dazugehörigen Maß (die Klassifizierung Affektiver Bedeutungszustände; Classification of Affective Meaning States). Die Forschung von 24 Studien, die eine Vielzahl von Methoden verwandten, um Prozess-Ergebnis-Zusammenhänge auf der Mikro- bis Makroebene der Beobachtung zu untersuchen, liefern Belege für die emotionale Transformation als einen möglichen kausalen Mechanismus der Veränderung in der Psychotherapie. Eine gepoolte Stichprobe von 310 klinischen und 130 subklinischen Fällen sind untersucht worden und reflektieren den Prozess von 7 verschiedenen Behandlungsansätzen für 5 verschiedene klinische Probleme (u.a. Depression, Angst, Beziehungstraumata und Persönlichkeitsstörungen). Die ersten Befunde in Bezug auf dieses Modell unterstützen die Hypothese, dass die emotionale Transformation in spezifischen kanonischen Sequenzen stattfindet und dass diese große Effekte bezüglich der Vorhersage positiver Behandlungsergebnisse zeigen. Dieses Modell ist das Erste im Forschungsfeld der Psychotherapie, das zeigt, wie nicht-lineare zeitliche Muster im Prozess auf Momentebene mit der Entfaltung von zunehmend größeren Veränderungen zusammenhängen, um gute psychotherapeutische Behandlungsergebnisse zu herbeizuführen. Schließlich wird die klinische Anwendung des Models auch als eine Vorlage für emotionsfokussierte Fallkonzeptionen betrachtet.

摘要

本文回顧一系列檢視Pascual-Leone與Greenberg的情緒歷程序列模式,或是採用伴隨此模式所發展的測量工具(即情緒性意義狀態分類表)之研究。二十四項應用多樣化方法學,採用從精微到鉅觀不同層次的觀察數據,來檢視歷程-成效關係的研究,支持情緒性轉化為心理治療中改變發生的可能因果機制。研究樣本混合了310名臨床和130名亞臨床案例,涵蓋七項不同治療取向,處理超過五種不同來談議題(含憂鬱、焦慮、關係創傷和人格疾患)的歷程。針對這個模式的初步發現,支持情緒性轉化會以特定的典型序列發生的假設,且此序列在預測正向治療成效上,具有大的效果值。此模式是心理治療領域中,首次呈現晤談歷程中每個片刻的非線性時間模式,如何導致漸進的改變,以產出好的心理治療成效。最後,作者提出在臨床上可應用此模式作為概念化個案情緒的模板。 關鍵字:情緒歷程、歷程、動力系統、改變機制、轉化 本文在臨床或是方法學上的重要性:這篇回顧性文章檢視針對特定情緒歷程模式的研究。(i) 在心理治療中,經驗特定的關鍵情緒似乎可預測正向治療成效,含單次晤談和整體治療兩階層。(ii)另有證據支持這些建設性情緒經驗,會以某個順序模式展開。此外,(iii) 採用非常不同的治療取向,治療數項主要的疾患之研究證據,支持採用此方式來了解情緒歷程。

Questo articolo è una review di un corpus di ricerche che hanno esaminato il modello sequenziale di Pascual-Leone e Greenberg di elaborazione emotiva o che hanno usato lo strumento ad esso annesso (la Classification of Affective Meaning States). La ricerca su 24 studi ha esaminato le relazioni tra processo ed esito a partire da livelli di osservazione da micro a macro utilizzando diversi metodi per esaminare livelli di osservazione e ha sostenuto la trasformazione emotiva come possibile meccanismo causale del cambiamento in psicoterapia. È stato studiato un campione aggregato di 310 casi clinici e 130 casi sub-clinici, che rappresentano il processo di 7 diversi approcci terapeutici per oltre 5 problemi clinici diversi (tra cui depressione, ansia, trauma relazionale e disturbi di personalità). I risultati iniziali su questo modello supportano l'ipotesi che la trasformazione emotiva si verifichi in specifiche sequenze canoniche e queste mostrano grande capacità di predire esiti positivi del trattamento. Questo modello è il primo nel campo della psicoterapia che mostra come modelli temporali non lineari del processo momento per momento siano correlati allo sviluppo di cambiamenti sempre più grandi per favorire buoni risultati del trattamento psicoterapeutico. Infine, saranno considerate le applicazioni cliniche del modello come modello per le formulazioni del caso focalizzate sull'emozione.

Acknowledgements

This paper summarizes the efforts of several independent research groups. I would like to thank key researchers in this area for their encouragement and inspiration. I would like to specifically thank Les Greenberg, as well as a number of close collaborators including Ueli Kramer, Sandra Paivio, Alberta Pos, Laco Timulak, and Gary Diamond, in addition to my students and other members of the SPR community.

ORCID

Antonio Pascual-Leone http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6248-5611

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