Predictors of homework engagement in group CBT for social anxiety: client beliefs about homework, its consequences, group cohesion, and working alliance

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations for working alliance, group cohesion and homework over treatment.

Assessment	Scale
	WAI	GCS	Engagement	Beliefs	Consequences
Week 2			4.35 (1.74)	9.30 (1.85)	2.91 (1.66)
Week 3	42.84 (7.83)
Week 4		49.45 (8.88)
Week 5			4.27 (1.62)	9.45 (1.87)	3.78 (1.80)
Week 6	47.27 (6.88)
Week 7		51.98 (7.70)
Week 8			4.47 (1.66)	9.90 (1.71)	4.70 (1.52)
Week 9	48.02 (6.26)
Week 10		52.90 (7.65)
Week 11			4.38 (1.55)	9.66 (1.88)	4.66 (1.65)

Note. WAI = Working Alliance Inventory. GCS = Gross Cohesiveness Scale. Engagement, Beliefs, Consequences refer to the subscales of the Homework Rating Scale 2.

Figure 1. Model 1: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model of homework outcomes.

Table 2. Model 1 auto-regressive and cross-lagged estimates.

Parameter	Estimate	95% CI	p-value
Auto-Regressive
HW Engagement	−.04	[−.23, .15]	.686
HW Beliefs	−.02	[−.28, .24]	.887
HW Consequences	.07	[−.18, .33]	.566
Cross-Lagged
Engagement
HW-B → HW-E	.10	[−.22, .42]	.531
HW-C → HW-E	−.02	[−.26, .21]	.861
Beliefs
HW-E → HW-B	.05	[−.17, .27]	.672
HW-C → HW-B	.07	[−.15, .28]	.536
Consequences
HW-E → HW-C	.01	[−.24, .25]	.948
HW-B → HW-C	.04	[−.26, .35]	.769

Note. HW = homework, E = engagement, B = beliefs, C = consequences. WAI = working alliance inventory. The cross-lagged estimates presented are the standardized estimates from the first time lag. The standardized cross-lagged estimates show very minor variation in values over time as they are constrained to equality on the unstandardized scale only. All estimates are available in the associated figure and in the Supplementary Materials.

Table 3. Model 1 random intercept variances & correlations.

	HW Engagement	HW Beliefs	HW Consequences
HW Engagement	1.9
HW Beliefs	0.53	1.05
HW Consequences	0.87	0.59	0.89

Figure 2. Model 2: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model of homework outcomes and group cohesion.

Table 4. Model 2 auto-regressive and cross-lagged estimates: group cohesion.

Parameter	Estimate	95% CI	p-value
Auto-Regressive
GCS	.08	[−.18, .34]	.544
HW Engagement	−.05	[−.24, .15]	.639
HW Beliefs	−.03	[−.25, .19]	.799
HW Consequences	.06	[−.17, .29]	.639
Cross-Lagged
GCS
HW-E → GCS	.08	[−.04, .20]	.193
HW-B → GCSearly	.34	[.04, .65]	.028^⊥
HW-B → GCSlate	−.44	[−.76, .12]	.007
HW-C → GCS	.03	[−.10, .16]	.611
Engagement
GCS → HW-E	.05	[−.19, .29]	.658
HW-B → HW-E	.06	[−.26, .37]	.717
HW-C → HW-E	−.04	[−.26, .17]	.705
Beliefs
GCSearly → HW-B	.00	[−.33, .34]	.979
GCSlate → HW-B	−.08	[−.35, .20]	.576
HW-E → HW-B	.04	[−.16, .23]	.711
HW-C → HW-B	.05	[−.13, .22]	.601
Consequences
GCS → HW-C	−.01	[−.26, .23]	.921
HW-E → HW-C	.01	[−.23, .25]	.937
HW-B → HW-C	.03	[−.23, .29]	.821

Note. HW = homework, E = engagement, B = beliefs, C = consequences. GCS = Gross Cohesiveness Scale, ^⊥Clustered bootstrapped CI contains 0. The cross-lagged estimates presented are the standardized estimates from the first time lag. The standardized cross-lagged estimates show very minor variation in values over time as they are constrained to equality on the unstandardized scale only. All estimates are available in the associated figure and in the Supplementary Materials.

Figure 3. Model 3: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model of homework outcomes and working alliance.

Table 5. Model 3 auto-regressive and cross-lagged estimates: working alliance.

Parameter	Estimate	95% CI	p-value
Auto-Regressive
WAI	.42	[.08, .76]	.016
HW Engagement	−.03	[−.22, .16]	.769
HW Beliefs	−.03	[−.28, .22]	.803
HW Consequences	.01	[−.22, .24]	.639
Cross-Lagged
WAI
HW-E → WAI	−.08	[−.22, .07]	.296
HW-B → WAI	.03	[−.18, .23]	.807
HW-C → WAI	.20	[.02, .38]	.031
Engagement
WAI → HW-E	.07	[−.26, .40]	.692
HW-B → HW-E	.08	[−.22, .39]	.590
HW-C → HW-E	−.06	[−.28, .16]	.593
Beliefs
WAI → HW-B	.21	[−.11, .53]	.197
HW-E → HW-B	.07	[−.14, .28]	.514
HW-C → HW-B	.01	[−.17, .20]	.886
Consequences
WAI → HW-C	.36	[.14, .59]	.001
HW-E → HW-C	.04	[−.21, .28]	.769
HW-B → HW-C	.04	[−.24, .31]	.795

Note. HW = homework, E = engagement, B = beliefs, C = consequences. WAI = working alliance inventory. The cross-lagged estimates presented are the standardized estimates from the first time lag. The standardized cross-lagged estimates show very minor variation in values over time as they are constrained to equality on the unstandardized scale only. All estimates are available in the associated figure and in the Supplementary Materials.