Improving the Health of Minority Communities through Probation-Public Health Collaborations: An Application of the Epidemiological Criminology Framework

Figures & data

FIGURE 1 Epidemiological Criminology Framework.

TABLE 1 STD or HIV Focus Studies of Criminal Justice-Involved Persons

Study	Geographic location of study	Point of data collection	Conditions measured	Type of measures reported	Number of jail systems studied	Number of respondents	Average length of stay of respondents
Van Hoeven et al. (1990)	New York City, NY	Admission history and physical exam—“any newly admitted inmate…suspect for gonorrheal infection after admission”	Medical records for those testing positive for gonorrhea postadmission	Observed positive cases (n = 285), admission date (n = 262; 92%), positive culture >1 week (n = 58), and 27 developed symptoms >1 week postadmission	1	Male positive gonorrheal cultures from October–December, 1986 (n = 27)	Length of confinement reported by positive case: 3 cases within 3 weeks, 11 cases within 6 weeks and 4 months, and 6 cases within 5–12 months; others unknown length of stay
Minshall et al. (1993)	Lake County Jail, IN	576 of 650 arrestees remaining at time of attempted interview at 72 hr postbooking (49%), October 28, 1991–January 17, 1992	Serum analysis results from 319 of 650 arrestees (49%) for syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV (blinded)	Number and % of sample testing positive for each illness; logistic regression on risk factors measured	1	Within 72 hr of arrest all new arrestees approached, 49% (n = 576) agreed to blood draw	72 hr of admission (89% remaining postbooking)
Chen et al. (2002)	Los Angeles County Jail Men's Central Jail; self-identified gay and transgender male inmate section	While housed in gay and transgender male section, “All current and newly incarcerated inmates were offered screening”	Syphilis testing initially (March–August, 2000), chlamydia and gonorrhea added later; serum and urine testing; behavioral questionnaire	% of inmates tested positive for disease and responses to questionnaire	1	811 inmates screened for syphilis; 430 inmates completed behavioral questionnaire (ADP* of unit = 300)	Not specified
Kahn et al., (2002)	East Baton Rouge Parish Jail, LA	Arrestees admitted to the jail between July 1994 and December 1998 within 24 hr of admission	Serum	% testing positive for syphilis: 1.3% average over 5 years (all stages); demographics and relationship between demographics; booking charge and testing positive	1	50,941 tests conducted, 76% of those admitted were tested; average over 5 years	Not specified
Kahn et al., (2004)	30 county jails in counties with high syphilis morbidity	No data on point of collection provided	Positive laboratory results for primary syphilis cases	% of all primary syphilis cases reported from correctional facilities and demographic characteristics of positive cases	30	Reported cases of primary syphilis from all corrections facilities in the 30 counties (may include juveniles and prisoners)	Not specified
Solomon, et al. (2004)	Baltimore City Detention Center, MD	1st day of detention	Serum samples tested for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C; demographic and arrest charge variables	% of inmates testing positive for each condition and association to demographic and arrest variables	Baltimore City “intake facilities”	2,833 detained individuals giving serum between January 28 and March 28, 2002	1 day
MacGowan et al. (2009)	Florida (1 jail) Lousiana (1 jail) New York (multiple jails) Wisconsin (1 jail)	Florida >24 hr; Louisiana >72 hr; New York >24 hr Wisconsin >24 hr after admission—average 6% of booked tested	HIV rapid test and risk factor survey	% testing positive and demographic and risk behaviors	Multiple jail facilities	6% of all bookings received HIV rapid test (33,211/55,000)	Not specified
Javanbakht et al. (2009)	Los Angeles County Jail Men's Central Jail self-identified gay and transgender male inmate section	“Generally” upon completion of jail intake	Serum samples for HIV and syphilis testing; urine samples for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing; demographic information; arrest information	% testing positive and associations with demographic and arrest information	1	7,004 tested for one or more diseases between March 2000 and December 2005; mandatory syphilis testing begun in 2005	Not specified
Burke and Rhodes (2009)	Nashville (Davidson County), TN	“During medical intake”; average 58.3% of booked tested	Serum testing for Syphilis	% positive for syphilis and stage of disease	1	1999–2005	Not specified
Barry et al. (2009)	San Francisco Jail, CA	At intake, when health staff present; offered in units to those missed	Urine-based testing for chlamydia; demographic information	% positive for chlamydia	1	1997–2004	Not specified
Pathela et al. (2009)	New York City (Rikers Island), NY	Not specified	Chlamydia	% of New York City positive chlamydia tests originating from jail facility	1	2004–2006	Not specified

Van Hoeven , K. H. , Rooney , Jr. , W. C. , & Joseph , S. C. ( 1990 ). Evidence for gonococcal transmission within a correctional system . American Journal of Public Health , 80 ( 12 ), 1505 .

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Maruschak , L. M. ( 2004 ). HIV in prisons and jails, 2002 (No. NCJ 205333) . Washington , DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics .

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Kahn , R. H. , Scholl , D. T. , Shane , S. M. , Lemoine , A. L. , & Farley , T. A. (2002). Screening for syphilis in arrestees: Usefulness for community-wide syphilis surveillance and control. Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 29(3), 150.

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Kahn , R. H. , Voigt , R. F. , Swint , E. , & Weinstock , H. ( 2004 ). Early syphilis in the United States identified in corrections facilities, 1999–2002 . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 31 ( 6 ), 360 .

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Solomon , L. , Flynn , C. , Muck , K. , & Vertefeuille , J. ( 2004 ). Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities . Journal of Urban Health , 81 ( 1 ) 25 – 37 .

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Javanbakht , M. , Murphy , R. , Harawa , N. T. , Smith , L. V. , Hayes , M. , et al. ( 2009 ). Sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevalence among incarcerated men who have sex with men 2000–2005 . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 36 ( 2 ), S17 .

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Burke , R. , & Rhodes , J. ( 2009 ). Lessons learned on the implementation of jail syphilis screening in Nashville, Davidson County Jail, 1999–2005 . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 36 ( 2 ), S14 .

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Barry , P. M. , Kent , C. K. , Scott , K. C. , Goldenson , J. , & Klausner , J. D. ( 2009 ). Is jail screening associated with a decrease in Chlamydia positivity among females seeking health services at community clinics?—San Francisco, 1997–2004 . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 36 ( 2 ), S22 .

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Pathela , P. , Hennessy , R. R. , Blank , S. , Parvez , F. , Franklin , W. , & Schillinger , J. A. ( 2009 ). The contribution of a urine-based jail screening program to citywide male Chlamydia and gonorrhea case rates in New York City . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 36 ( 2 ), S58 .

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