Child Sexual Abuse Victimization Amongst Detained Adolescents and Incarcerated Young Adults: Findings from an Australian Population-Based Birth Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Prevalence of CSA victimization across custody settings, stratified by sex.

	Female (%)	Male (%)	Total (%)
Full Cohort: n	40,116	42,293	82,409
Notified CSA	957 (2.39)	347 (0.82)	1,304 (1.58)
Substantiated CSA	682 (1.70)	202 (0.48)	884 (1.07)
Custody status:
Youth detention	75 (0.19)	368 (0.87)	443 (0.54)
Adult imprisonment	313 (0.78)	1,611 (3.81)	1,924 (2.33)
Dual custody	45 (0.11)	299 (0.71)	344 (0.42)
Any custody	343 (0.86)	1680 (4.0)	2023 (2.45)

Table 2. Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse notifications and substantiations.

	Females	Males	Total
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
No custody	39,773	40,613	80,386
Notified	911 (2.29)	267 (0.66)	1,178 (1.47)
Substantiated	651 (1.64)	158 (0.39)	809 (1.01)
Youth detention	75	368	443
Notified	19 (25.33)	23 (6.25)	42 (9.48)
Substantiated	11 (14.67)	13 (3.53)	24 (5.42)
Adult incarceration	313	1,611	1,924
Notified	38 (12.14)	78 (4.84)	116 (6.03)
Substantiated	26 (8.31)	43 (2.67)	69 (3.59)
Dual custody	45	299	344
Notified	11 (24.44)	21 (7.02)	32 (9.30)
Substantiated	6 (13.33)	12 (4.01)	18 (5.23)
Any custody	343	1,680	2023
Notified	46 (13.41)	80 (4.76)	126 (8.85)
Substantiated	31 (9.04)	44 (2.62)	75 (3.71)

Table 3. Prevalence of cooccurring maltreatment for individuals with experiences of CSA.

	Youth detention n (%)	Adult Prison n (%)	Dual Custody n (%)	No Custody n (%)
Notifications for CSA	N = 42	N = 116	N = 32	N = 1,178
Number of notified harm types
1 (i.e. CSA only)	n < 5	16 (13.1)	n < 5	373 (31.7)
2	n < 10	25 (20.5)	6 (18.8)	263 (22.3)
3	10 (23.8)	24 (20.7)	n < 5	268 (22.8)
4	24 (57.1)	51 (44.0)	21 (65.6)	274 (23.3)
Prevalence of other notified harm
Physical abuse	31 (73.8)	75 (64.7)	25 (78.1)	500 (42.4)
Emotional abuse	29 (69.0)	70 (60.3)	22 (68.6)	552 (46.9)
Neglect	38 (90.5)	81 (69.8)	28 (87.5)	569 (48.3)
Substantiated CSA	N = 24	N = 69	N = 18	N = 809
Number of substantiated harm types
1 (i.e. CSA only)	n < 5	17 (24.6)	n < 5	342 (42.3)
2	n < 5	14 (20.3)	n < 5	173 (21.4)
3	n < 5	11 (15.9)	n < 5	152 (18.8)
4	17 (70.8)	27 (39.1)	14 (77.8)	142 (17.6)
Prevalence of other substantiated harm
Physical abuse	19 (79.2)	40 (58.9)	15 (83.3)	259 (32.0)
Emotional abuse	19 (79.2)	40 (57.5)	14 (77.8)	336 (41.5)
Neglect	22 (91.7)	37 (54.8)	16 (88.9)	308 (38.1)

Cells with less than five individuals are presented as n < 5 to preserve the anonymity of the individuals (Cell presented as n < 10 is to maintain suppressed cell).

Table 4. Custodial outcomes by sex and CSA notifications/substantiations.

	Youth detention	Adult Prison	Dual custody	No custody	Total
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n
Females
CSA notification	19 (1.99)	38 (3.97)	11 (1.15)	911 (95.19)	957
No CSA notification	56 (0.14)	275 (0.70)	34 (0.09)	38,862 (99.24)	39,159
Total females	75 (0.19)	313 (0.78)	45 (0.11)	39,773 (99.14)	40,116
Males
CSA notification	23 (6.63)	78 (22.48)	21 (6.05)	267 (76.95)	347
No CSA notification	345 (0.82)	1533 (3.65)	278 (0.66)	40,346 (96.19)	41,946
Total males	368 (0.87)	1,611 (3.81)	299 (0.71)	40,613 (96.03)	42,293
TOTAL
CSA notification	42 (3.22)	116 (8.90)	32 (2.45)	1,178 (90.34)	1,304
No CSA notification	401 (0.49)	1,808 (2.23)	312 (0.38)	79,208 (97.66)	81,105
Total	443 (0.54)	1,924 (2.33)	344 (0.42)	80,386 (97.55)	82,409
Females
CSA substantiation	11 (1.61)	26 (3.81)	6 (0.88)	651 (95.45)	682
No CSA substantiation	64 (0.16)	287 (0.73)	39 (0.10)	39,122 (99.21)	39,434
Total females	75 (0.19)	313 (0.78)	45 (0.11)	39,773 (99.14)	40,116
Males
CSA substantiation	13 (6.44)	43 (21.29)	12 (5.94)	158 (78.22)	202
No CSA substantiation	355 (0.84)	1,568 (3.73)	287 (0.68)	40,455 (96.11)	42,091
Total males	368 (0.87)	1,611 (3.81)	299 (0.71)	40,613 (96.03)	42,293
TOTAL
CSA substantiation	24 (2.71)	69 (7.81)	18 (2.04)	809 (91.52)	884
No CSA substantiation	419 (0.51)	1,855 (2.28)	326 (0.40)	79,577 (97.61)	81,525
Total	443 (0.54)	1,924 (2.33)	344 (0.42)	80,386 (97.55)	82,409

Table 5. Impact of maltreatment on custody outcomes by sex.

	Females n = 40,116				Males n = 42,293
	Youth detention		Adult prison		Youth detention		Adult prison
	Odds ratio		Odds ratio		Odds ratio		Odds ratio
	BV	MV	BV	MV	BV	MV	BV	MV
Notified harm
Sexual abuse	14.14*	1.24	5.85*	0.81	8.56*	0.96	7.64*	1.82*
Physical abuse	24.42*	2.57**	12.03*	2.79*	20.73*	4.73*	8.32*	2.80*
Emotional abuse	20.95*	1.18	9.67*	0.99	14.21*	0.77	7.11*	0.97
Neglect	37.84*	18.08*	15.28*	9.00*	24.78*	11.00*	9.73*	5.10*
Intercept		0.001*		0.01*		0.01*		0.03*
Nagelkerke R^2		.185		.104		.167		.075
Substantiated harm
Sexual abuse	10.09*	.777	5.41*	0.85	8.09*	0.93	6.99*	1.77**
Physical abuse	25.60*	2.81**	11.66*	3.04*	20.29*	4.34*	8.63*	2.81*
Emotional abuse	22.82*	1.21	10.08*	1.24	14.79*	0.74	7.87*	1.14
Neglect	43.08*	23.48*	14.49*	7.30*	28.44*	14.66*	11.07	5.77*
Intercept		0.001*		0.01*		0.01*		0.03*
Nagelkerke R^2		.185		.104		.167		.075

BV = Bivariate; MV = Multivariable.

*p < .001; ** p < .01.