Student Characteristics and Barriers to International Mobility: Evidence from the European Union

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	Mean	Standard Deviation
Reasons for not having taken part in activities in another EU country
Lack of interest	0.22	0.42
Lack of financial means	0.41	0.49
Insufficient language skills	0.17	0.38
Lack of information about possibilities to go abroad	0.22	0.42
Individual characteristics
Female	0.63	0.48
Age (years)	23.33	3.43
Immigrant status	0.01	0.10
Married/Cohabiting	0.26	0.44
Having dependent children	0.08	0.27
Working (either part time or full time)	0.59	0.49
Living in a rural area or village	0.23	0.42
Living in a small or medium-sized town	0.38	0.49
Living in a large town/city	0.39	0.49
Number of observations	4,019

Table 2. Logit regression results- average marginal effect (main results).

	Lack of interest (1)	Lack of financial means (2)	Insufficient language skills (3)	Lack of information about possibilities to go abroad (4)
Female	−0.11***	0.08***	0.00	0.04***
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Age (years)	0.01***	−0.01*	0.00	−0.01***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Immigrant status	0.01	−0.01	−0.10	−0.02
	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Married/Cohabiting	0.04**	−0.03	0.00	0.01
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Having dependent children	−0.03	−0.08***	−0.00	−0.07**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)
Working (either part time or full time)	−0.02	−0.03*	−0.01	−0.00
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Area of residence- Reference category = Large town/city
Rural area or village	0.03*	−0.01	0.05***	−0.03
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Small or medium-sized town	0.03*	−0.02	0.02	−0.01
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Country-fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
F-statistics	115.82	91.05	98.18	72.19
p-value	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pseudo R2	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.03
LR chi2	223.33	164.05	129.71	123.62
p-value	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Number of observations	4,019	4,019	4,019	4,019

Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively.

Table 3. Linear probability regression results.

	Lack of interest (1)	Lack of financial means (2)	Insufficient language skills (3)	Lack of information about possibilities to go abroad (4)
Female	−0.12***	0.08***	0.00	0.04***
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Age (years)	0.01***	−0.00*	0.00	−0.01***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Immigrant status	0.01	−0.01	−0.07	−0.02
	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.04)	(0.07)
Married/Cohabiting	0.04**	−0.03	−0.00	0.01
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Having dependent children	−0.03	−0.08***	−0.00	−0.06***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Working (either part time or full time)	−0.02	−0.03*	−0.01	−0.00
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Area of residence- Reference category = Large town/city
Rural area or village	0.03*	−0.01	0.06***	−0.03
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Small or medium-sized town	0.03*	−0.02	0.02	−0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Country-fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
F-statistics	4.59	4.21	4.90	3.05
p-value	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
R2	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.03
Number of observations	4,019	4,019	4,019	4,019

Huber-White standard errors are in parentheses. ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively.

Table 4. Logit regression results- average marginal effect (robustness test).

	Lack of interest (1)	Lack of financial means (2)	Insufficient language skills (3)	Lack of information about possibilities to go abroad (4)
Female	−0.11***	0.08***	0.00	0.04***
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Age (years)	0.01***	−0.01*	0.00	−0.01***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Immigrant status	0.01	−0.01	−0.10	−0.02
	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.06)
Married/Cohabiting	0.04**	−0.03	0.00	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Having dependent children	−0.03	−0.08***	−0.00	−0.07**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)
Working (either part time or full time)	−0.02	−0.03*	−0.01	0.00
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Area of residence- Reference category = Large town/city
Rural area or village	0.03**	−0.01	0.05***	−0.03*
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Small or medium-sized town	0.03	−0.02	0.02	−0.01
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Country-fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pseudo R2	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.03
Number of observations	4,019	4,019	4,019	4,019

Standard errors, which are clustered at EU country level, are in parentheses. ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively.