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Abstract

This research addresses the role of populist parties as disinformation agents. It specifically focuses on their use of Twitter to challenge the traditional authorities of knowledge and sources of information. The analysis relies on a content analysis of tweets to identify 1) the strategies employed to contest the “truth”; 2) the alternative sources of knowledge and information proposed; 3) the specific issues mentioned in those tweets and used to substantiate such strategies. Our findings confirm the relevance of these discourses and strategies in the populist parties’ tweets and particularly in the radical right.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary Material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2022.2087896

Notes

1. Ciudadanos was created in 2006 in Catalonia. In its first election in 2015 it had 14% of the votes, but dropped to 6.8% in the 2019 election.

2. These tweets were extracted using GetOldTweets3, a Python package for accessing old tweets. 120 random days were selected between 2018–01-01 and 2019–12-31 and the sample was limited to 1000–900 tweets.

3. “Las #FakeNews que buscan distorsionar las decisiones de VOX son cada vez más ridículas. Hoy @ecd_ utiliza el viejo truco de ‘fuentes cercanas’ para inventarse una noticia. Al final va a ser cierta la expresión: ‘Eso es más falso que una noticia de El Confidencial Digital’”. [“#FakeNews that seek to distort VOX’s decisions are increasingly ridiculous. Today @ecd_ uses the old ‘close sources’ trick to make up a story. The truth will be: ‘That is more false than a news item from El Confidencial Digital’”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1152670763251568642

4. “No a la propaganda falsa de las falsas ONGs que funcionan como tentáculos de la extrema izquierda.” [“No to the false propaganda of the false NGOs that function as tentacles of the extreme left”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1167077730623643649

5. “Quieren lo mismo que los oligarcas como Soros: mano de obra barata, caos, islamización y negocio para traficantes.” [“They want the same thing as oligarchs like Soros: cheap labor, chaos, Islamization and business for traffickers”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1006527149979963393

6. “Quieren criminalizar a todos los hombres de la tierra. Cuando VOX llegue los datos serán públicos y no ocultaremos la verdad a los españoles.” [“They want to criminalize all men on Earth. With VOX the data will be public and we will not hide the truth from the Spanish”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1067472030570823680

7. “Pero como los ‘verificadores’ intentan otra vez esconder secretos a voces y nos dicen que mentimos al decir que los menores mueren más a manos de mujeres que de hombres … explicamos.” [“We explain, because the ‘fact-checkers’ try to hide secrets from us and tell us that we are lying by saying that children die more at the hands of women than men … ”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1169935958906724352

8. “Es difícil encontrar estadísticas completas por varios motivos: ‘No tenemos esos datos’, responden en el Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; ‘sólo registramos a los menores asesinados por sus padres varones’”. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1169935960848642053

9. “¿Qué opina VOX sobre la brecha salarial de género? Que no existe y que solo es un invento de asociaciones feministas para justificar el cobro de subvenciones.” [“What does VOX think about the gender pay gap? That it does not exist and that it is only an invention of feminist associations to justify the collection of subsidies”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/961563849638993920

10. “Los españoles habían dejado de escuchar a nadie reclamando toda la verdad sobre los atentados terroristas del 11-M que alteraron el rumbo de España y desembocaron en la llegada de un nefasto Zapatero” [“The Spaniards stopped listening to anyone claiming the whole truth about the terrorist attacks of 11-M that altered the history of Spain and led to the arrival of a nefarious Zapatero”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/972463338809683968

11. “@Santi_ABASCAL ‘Reclamamos los documentos en poder del Gobierno para conocer toda la verdad sobre las actas de negociación con ETA’”. [““@Santi_ABASCAL ‘We claim the documents held by the Government in order to know the whole truth about the negotiations with ETA’”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1153386986989862913

12. “¿Dónde están las personas responsables del accidente de Angrois? ¿Qué es lo que nos tratan de ocultar? No dejéis de ver este vídeo para despejar dudas. #JusticiaAngrois”. [“Where are the people responsible for the Angrois accident? What are they trying to hide from us? Watch this video to clear doubts. #JusticiaAngrois”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1021836161642373123

13. “Se han fabricado mentiras contra Podemos con pruebas falsas que han abierto telediarios. Se ha hecho mucho daño a la democracia”. [“Lies have been fabricated against Podemos and broadcast in newscasts. Considerable damage has been done to democracy”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1112459233910538241

14. “Hemos visto un Gobierno que, presuntamente, daba órdenes a policías corruptos. No para que nos espiaran, sino para que fabricaran noticias falsas que después llegaban a ‘OkDiario’ y abrían los telediarios y las portadas de periódicos”. [“We have seen a government that allegedly gave orders to a corrupt police. Not to spy on us, but to fabricate false news that later reached ‘OkDiario’, newscasts and the front pages of newspapers.”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1120971891550949376

16. “PSOE, PP y C’s se han puesto de acuerdo para que no haya una comisión que investigue con transparencia la presunta corrupción del rey emérito y proteger la monarquía con un pacto de silencio. Tenemos derecho a saber. #PactoDeSilencioPPSOECs”. [“PSOE, PP and C’s have agreed that there will not be a commission to investigate transparently the alleged corruption of the King Emeritus and protect the monarchy with a pact of silence. We have the right to know. #PactoDeSilencioPPSOECs”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1022496774370537473

17. “No entendemos el manto de silencio impuesto por medios, políticos y feministas supremacistas en torno a las más de cien manadas que han actuado en España desde que empezó este juicio, en su inmensa mayoría formadas por inmigrantes y menas.” [“We do not understand the cloak of silence imposed by the media, politicians and supremacist feminists around the more than one hundred packs that have acted in Spain since this trial began, the vast majority of which are made up of immigrants and menas.”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1143181865832079360

18. “Ante el evidente adoctrinamiento en ideología de género que sufren nuestros menores en los centros educativos, VOX facilita el PIN PARENTAL para aquellos padres que defienden su derecho a educar a sus hijos en sus valores.” [“In view of the evident indoctrination in gender ideology suffered by our minors in educational centers, VOX facilitates the PARENTAL PIN for those parents who defend their right to educate their children in their values”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1036932772705841152

19. “La sentencia del Supremo que cede al chantaje de la banca es ‘un desinhibido repertorio de medias verdades, desahogos verbales y argumentación poco rigurosa’”. [“The sentence of the Supreme Court that yields to the banks’ blackmail is ‘an uninhibited repertoire of half-truths, verbal outpourings and lax argumentation.’”]. https://twitter.com/PODEMOS/status/1067712955326771201

20. “Esta noche, no te pierdas a @Pablo_Iglesias_ en el debate electoral de @atresmediacom, que podrás seguir en @antena3com a partir de las 22.00 h”. [“Tonight, don’t miss @Pablo_Iglesias in the electoral debate of @atresmediacom, that you can follow in @antena3com from 22.00 h”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1120692551152021504

21. “Lamentable campaña de vídeos lacrimógenos para acercar a los presos de ETA que destapa @estrelladigital. En VOX exigiremos que no se ceda ante ETA”. [“Regrettable the campaign of tearful videos to bring ETA prisoners closer to each other uncovered by @estrelladigital. In VOX we will demand to not give in to ETA.”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1011624360761856000

22. “A estos salvajes les han caído 3 años de internamiento. ¡Y volverán a la calle! Nos podemos imaginar por qué el Gobierno ha ocultado este hecho … En VOX reforzaremos la ley y haremos pública la nacionalidad de los delincuentes sexuales” [News headline: “La Manada de Azuqueca, silenciada por un año”]. [“These savages have been given 3 years of internment, and they will return to the streets! We can imagine why the government has hidden this fact … In VOX we will enforce the law and make public the nationality of sex offenders.” News headline: “The Pack of Azuqueca, silenced for a year”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1108394406871216128

23. “Muchos medios de comunicación se limitaron a dar eco a numerosas informaciones falsas sobre Podemos sin contrastar su procedencia ni su veracidad. Cuando se ha demostrado que venían de una trama corrupta, no han invertido ni un segundo en rectificarlas”. Gracias, Gran Wyoming.” [“‘Many media outlets simply echoed numerous false information about Podemos without checking its origin or veracity. When it has been proven that they came from a corrupt plot, they have not invested a second in rectifying them’ Thank you Gran Wyoming”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1113418369938722816

28. List of the 15 main Spanish journalistic brands according to the Center for Internet Studies and Digital Life of the University of Navarra: https://www.digitalnewsreport.es/2019/ante-una-confianza-decreciente-la-mayoria-de-los-usuarios-espanoles-se-previene-de-la-desinformacion/

29. “@Ortega_Smith desmonta el conglomerado mediático en torno a la Ley de violencia de género.” [“@Ortega_Smith dismantles the media conglomerate around the Gender Violence Law”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1174978267582853120

30. “No te fíes de nada de lo que publiquen los medios de comunicación progres y de la derechita cobarde. Puedes leer el documento completo con todos los puntos del acuerdo en el siguiente enlace para que tú mismo saques tus propias conclusiones”. [“Do not trust anything published by the progressive and the right-wing coward media. You can read the complete document with all the points of the agreement in this link and draw your own conclusions”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1139851038897463296

31. “La mayoría de la población cree que el rey jugó un papel negativo en Catalunya. Nosotras preguntamos lo que el CIS no se atreve a preguntar.” [“The majority of the population believes that the king played a negative role in Catalonia. We ask what the CIS does not dare to ask”]. https://twitter.com/ahorapodemos/status/1056470737333248001

32. “Algunos economistas y políticos toman por tontos a los pensionistas, pero personas como Soledad Ruíz demuestran que saben muy bien por qué protestan y cuáles son sus derechos”. https://twitter.com/PODEMOS/status/985303229801037824

33. “Delincuencia, drogas y robos que atemorizan a un barrio entero. La verdad de los menas de la mano de los vecinos de Hortaleza que comparten convivencia con ellos, alejados de los periodistas y los platós que lo justifican.” [“Crime, drugs and robberies that frighten an entire neighborhood. The truth of the menas (unaccompanied immigrant minors) from the Hortaleza neighbors who coexist with them, away from those who uphold it”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1150792296755081216

34. “Se está moviendo mucho este vídeo … Desde luego es verosímil, pero ¿creéis que es real? Si no lo es que nos lo aclare Ana Pastor pic.twitter.com/b71cwgZH54”. [“Of course, this video is plausible, but do you think it is real? Let Ana Pastor explain.”]. https://twitter.com/vox_es/status/1167697267425497089

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal). This work is part of research project “HATE: Streams of Hate and Untruth” (reference PTDC/CPO-CPO/28495/2017) that is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal).];

Notes on contributors

Belén Fernández-García

Belén Fernández-García is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Málaga. She holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Granada (Spain). Her research interests include populism, radical right, political communication, and political parties.

Susana Salgado

Susana Salgado (PhD, University of Lisbon, 2007) is associate researcher and Coordinator of research project HATE “Streams of Hate and Untruth” at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon. Her research interests include political communication, social media, threats to democracy and democratization.

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