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Abstract
Objectives: To examine the influence of smoking on fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] patients' health status through the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire [FIQ] and patients' perception of depression, fatigue, and anxiety.
Methods: Participants were female with no race or age difference, divided into three groups: FMS nonsmokers [Group 1], FMS smokers [Group 2], and non-FMS smokers [controls, Group 3]. Data included smoking status, nicotine dependence, and the FIQ. The questions concerning depression, fatigue, and anxiety [components of the FIQ], were used to measure psychological and physical involvement in the control group.
Results: There were 108 participants enrolled. Forty individuals were in Group 1, 28 in Group 2, and 40 in Group 3. The FIQ scores were similar in FMS smokers and FMS non-smokers [P > 0.05]. Group 1 [P < 0.005/P < 0.0001/P < 0.001] and Group 2 [P < 0.0001/P < 0.0001/P < 0.0001] had higher depression, fatigue, and anxiety scores than Group 3, respectively. The FMS non-smokers and FMS smokers with low and moderate dependence had higher depression, fatigue, and anxiety scores than the non-FMS smokers with low and moderate dependence. No statistical difference was observed among the FMS smokers and non-FMS smokers with high nicotine dependence.
Conclusions: Smoking habits had no impact on the health status of FMS patients. The FMS was strongly related to depression, fatigue, and anxiety in FMS smokers and FMS nonsmokers. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of smoking habits in FMS and other musculoskeletal disorders, perhaps longitudinal studies exploring individuals with high nicotine dependence.