When seeking influences believing and promotes posttraumatic adaptation

Abstract

Background: Theory and evidence link social support processes and self-efficacy appraisals in the promotion of adaptation following traumatic events. Dynamic causal processes, however, have not been examined longitudinally or in the context of mass-violence. This study tested whether quantity of social support seeking indirectly reduced distress severity among student survivors of mass university shootings. Hypotheses specified that the indirect effects of social support seeking on distress severity would occur through positively influencing perceived social support and self-efficacy, and that these effects would emerge and become stronger as posttraumatic stress symptom severity increased. Design: Path analysis via Mplus 7.2 was used to test the hypothesized moderated-serial-mediation model (conditional indirect effects). Methods: The sample (N = 1191) consisted of students enrolled at Virginia Tech during the 16 April 2007 shootings. Data were collected via online surveys at two time points, 3–4 months and 1-year post-shootings. Results: Hypotheses were supported, showing that the indirect effects of social support seeking on distress reduction occurred through perceived social support, which in turn influenced self-efficacy. These effects emerged and grew in strength as PTS severity increased. Conclusions: Clinical implications, including the need to consider contextual determinants of posttraumatic recovery, are discussed.

Keywords:

• self efficacy
• social support
• PTSD
• resilience
• mass shooting
• school shooting
• collective trauma

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge and thank Charles C. Benight, Melissa J. Brymer, John A. Fairbank, Ronald C. Kessler, Robert S. Pynoos, and Alan M. Steinberg for contributions to questionnaire design. We also wish to acknowledge J. Tina Savla and Patrick Coyle for statistical consultation.

Notes

1. The self-efficacy measure was created by Dr Charles Benight (University of Colorado Colorado Springs), and was administered in an unpublished study conducted following the Columbine shootings. Scale alterations were made for this study in collaboration with Dr Benight.

Additional information

Funding

Major funding for this research was provided by an unrestricted grant from the Jed Foundation (www.jedfoundation.org). Support was also provided through funding received by Virginia Tech from the US Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools.