Input-Output Modeling for Smart City Development

Figures & data

Figure 1. Frequency of appearance of different city labels over time in academic research articles (Scopus, N = 6475 articles)

Figure 2. Network diagrams depicting co-occurrence of 12 city labels in title, abstract, and keywords in academic research articles (Scopus)

Figure 3. The IO model structure and its components (adapted from systems theory, Checkland, 1999)

Table 1. Smart city meanings and domains as used in the academic literature

Source	Meanings and Main Domains
Komninos (2008)	Use of networked infrastructures as a means to enable social, environmental, economic, and cultural development
Glaeser and Berry (2006)	Role of human capital and education in urban development
Hollands (2008)	High capacity for learning and innovation, creativity, institutions of knowledge production, and digital infrastructure for communication
Caragliu and Nijkamp (2011)	Considering the human and social capital, using ICT, sustainable economic growth, role of management
Paskaleva and Megliola (2011)	Better quality of life becoming a life-time outcome of urban functioning
Kuk and Janssen (2011)	Innovative information sharing technology, smart citizens, and businesses
Schaffers et al. (2012)	Advanced infrastructures, sustainability, economic growth, quality of life
Chourabi et al (2012)	Management and organization, technology, governance, policy, people and communities, the economy, built infrastructure, the natural environment
Anthopoulos (2015)	Resource, transportation, urban infrastructure, living, government, economy, coherency
Lee et al. (2013)	Urban openness, service innovation, partnership formations, urban pro-activeness, smart city infrastructure integration, smart city governance
IBM	Planning and management services, infrastructure services, human services
ITU (2014)	Environmental sustainability, productivity, quality of life, equity, and social inclusion, infrastructure development
UN Habitat (2014)	Productivity and the prosperity of cities, urban infrastructure, quality of life and urban prosperity, equity and the prosperity of cities, environmental sustainability, and the prosperity of cities
ISO (2014)	Economy, education, energy, environment, finance, fire and emergency response, governance, health, recreation, safety, shelter, solid waste, telecommunication and innovation, transportation, urban planning, waste water, water, and sanitation
Neirotti et al. (2014)	Natural resources and energy, transport and mobility, buildings, living, government, economy and people
Joss (2015)	Urban governance, technology infrastructure
Negro et al. (2015)	People, information, knowledge, and ICT
Yigitcanlar (2015)	Sustainability; wellbeing and livability, economy, governance
Joss et al. (2019)	Governance, infrastructure, international, digital technology, society, economy, spatial planning, innovation, environment and sustainability
Kitchin (2019)	Smart citizens, neoliberalism, technological solutionism

Figure 4. Structural linkages between keywords in the smart city literature, demonstrating the dominance of IoT (Publications between 1996 and 2018; N = 3573 articles)

Figure 5. Graphical conceptualization of the IO model for the Smart City development process (as compiled and drawn by the authors)

Table 2. Smart city throughput

Throughput Domains
Dynamic throughput	Data and infrastructure asset management
	Knowledge and innovation management
	Financial asset management
Governance and leadership	Intergovernmental relations
	Coordination among actors
	Leadership capabilities

Adapted fromGupta et al. (2015) andBressers et al. (2016)

Table 3. Applying the IO model to the Smart Dubai case

Elements/Facets of the IO Model		Application in the Smart Dubai Case
Resources (Input)	Modern ICT infrastructure	Dubai Pulse IoT platform
	Human and entrepreneurial infrastructure	Dubai Pulse PPP “Happiness champion” Free zones
	Data	Presence of a shared data platform Dubai Data Establishment
	Financial infrastructures	Governmental funding foreign investment
Throughput	Dynamic capabilities	Dubai Smart City Accelerator Expo 2020 Smart (AI) Lab Sustainable financing
	Governance	Administrative levels: The Ruler of Dubai, Smart Dubai Office
	Leadership	“Visionary” leadership by the Ruler of Dubai
Output	Mobility	Dubai-Abu Dhabi hyperloop, EV
	Smart government and citizens	“Happiness champions” “Happiness meter” DubaiNow App Paper-free government
	Smart energy and health	Shams Dubai E-health program
Outcome	Sustainability	Increasing social, health economic, and environmental performance indicators; but predominantly focused on improving energy efficiency levels.
	High quality of life	“Happiness” in terms of increased satisfaction with public service delivery in a variety of policy areas

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