Effects of aerobic exercise training on the arterial stiffness and intramyocellular or extramyocellular lipid in overweight and obese men

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of all subjects.

Age, years	49 ± 2
Height, cm	170.5 ± 1.3
Weight, kg	81.0 ± 1.8
Body mass index, kg/m^2	27.8 ± 0.5
Total body fat, %	28.8 ± 0.9
Waist circumference, cm	97.0 ± 1.4
Abdominal visceral fat area, cm^2	96.4 ± 5.4
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	202.4 ± 6.3
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	53.3 ± 1.8
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl	127.1 ± 6.0
Triglyceride, mmol/L	139.4 ± 19.0
Peak oxygen uptake, ml/kg/min	25.9 ± 0.8
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	127 ± 3
Diastolic blood pressure mm Hg	82 ± 2
Heart rate, beats/min	63 ± 2
baPWV, cm/sec	1316 ± 37
β-stiffness index, AU	2.83 ± 0.25
IMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	4.2 ± 0.7
EMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	8.8 ± 1.0
IMCL/EMCL ratio	0.914 ± 0.230

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; IMCL intramyocellular lipid; EMCL, extramyocellular lipid. Values are means ± SE.

Table 2. Correlations between IMCL or EMCL and baPWV, β-stiffness index, SBP and DBP.

	IMCL	EMCL	IMCL/EMCL ratio
baPWV, cm/sec	− 0.46 *	0.56 **	− 0.41 *
β-stiffness index, AU	− 0.24	0.45 *	− 0.31
SBP, mm Hg	− 0.4	0.45 *	− 0.51 *
DBP, mm Hg	− 0.32	0.38	− 0.39

Partial correlation was adjustment for age. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01

Table 3. Change in values after exercise intervention.

	Before	After
Age, years	49 ± 2	―
Height, cm	170.7 ± 1.4	―
Weight, kg	80.8 ± 2.0	78.8 ± 2.0 ***
Body mass index, kg/m^2	27.7 ± 0.5	27.0 ± 0.6 ***
Total body fat, %	28.2 ± 1.0	26.7 ± 0.6 **
Waist circumference, cm	96.3 ± 1.5	92.9 ± 1.4 ***
Abdominal visceral fat area, cm^2	92.4 ± 6.2	82.4 ± 5.6 ***
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	204.6 ± 6.9	204.6 ± 7.1
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	53.5 ± 1.8	54.1 ± 2.1
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl	129.5 ± 6.5	130.4 ± 6.5
Triglyceride, mmol/L	134.9 ± 19.8	104.8 ± 9.7 *
Peak oxygen uptake, ml/kg/min	26.0 ± 0.8	29.8 ± 0.9 ***
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	127 ± 3	128 ± 4
Diastolic blood pressure mm Hg	82 ± 2	80 ± 2
Heart rate, beats/min	62 ± 1	57 ± 2 **
baPWV, cm/sec	1311 ± 41	1321 ± 45
β-stiffness index, AU	2.86 ± 0.29	2.78 ± 0.30
IMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	4.1 ± 0.8	3.8 ± 0.6
EMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	8.2 ± 1.0	7.5 ± 0.9
IMCL/EMCL ratio	0.931 ± 0.255	0.671 ± 0.128
Energy intake, kcal	1997 ± 115	1992 ± 144

Values are means ± SE.

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. Before exercise intervention

Figure 1. Association between the changes in IMCL or EMCL content and baPWV (A, D), β-stiffness index (B, E), and SBP (C, F) following a 12 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention.

Table 4. Groups of baPWV.

	Improvement of baPWV (n = 10)		Non-improvement of baPWV (n = 11)
	Before	After	Before	After	time×group interaction (p)
Age, years	45 ± 3	―	52 ± 3	―
Weight, kg	82.2 ± 3.0	79.9 ± 3.3 **	79.5 ± 2.7	77.9 ± 2.7 *	0.387
Body mass index, kg/m^2	27.9 ± 0.9	27.2 ± 1.0 **	27.5 ± 0.6	26.8 ± 0.6 **	0.810
Total body fat, %	29.1 ± 0.9	27.0 ± 1.1 **	27.3 ± 1.6	26.8 ± 0.6	0.140
Abdominal visceral fat area, cm^2	100.7 ± 8.7	86.6 ± 9.5 **	84.8 ± 8.6	78.6 ± 6.6	0.155
Peak oxygen uptake, ml/kg/min	27.8 ± 1.1	31.0 ± 1.3 *	24.4 ± 1.0 †	28.7 ± 1.3 **	0.536
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	129 ± 5	127 ± 4	125 ± 3	130 ± 6	0.115
Diastolic blood pressure mm Hg	83 ± 4	80 ± 3	81 ± 3	81 ± 3	0.134
baPWV, cm/sec	1324 ± 74	1259 ± 69 **	1299 ± 42	1378 ± 56 ***	<0.001
β-stiffness index, AU	2.95 ± 0.46	2.66 ± 0.37	2.79 ± 0.38	2.89 ± 0.49	0.268
IMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	3.7 ± 1.2	4.2 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 0.9	0.392
EMCL, mmol/kg wet weight	10.8 ± 1.5	7.0 ± 1.0 *	5.8 ± 0.8 †	7.9 ± 1.4	<0.01
IMCL/EMCL ratio	0.584 ± 0.258	0.690 ± 0.169	1.247 ± 0.415	0.654 ± 0.198	0.185
Energy intake, kcal	2070 ± 190	1979 ± 245	1931 ± 141	1851 ± 170	0.970

Values are means ± SE

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. Before exercise intervention; †P < 0.05 vs. improvement of baPWV