Toward more intercomparable road dust studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. RDS studies included in the evaluation.

Figure 2. Annual number of studies investigating RDS metal concentrations.

Figure 3. Frequency of use of various upper size limits (USLs) for RDS bulk samples.

Figure 4. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn as a function of the USL applied in sample preparation.

Table 1. Average RDS bulk sample concentrations of metals in 176 studies reporting the USL of the sample.

	End of sampling period	Upper size limit (USL)	Number of individual RDS samples	Cu in mg/kg	Pb in mg/kg	Zn in mg/kg
Abbasi et al. (2017)	2014	2000	24	118	95	283
Acosta, Faz, Kalbitz, Jansen, and Martinez-Martinez (2014)	2011	2000	15	91	189	246
Acosta et al. (2015)	2014	2000	18	93	93	152
Addo, Darko, Gordon, Nyarko, and Gbadago (2012)	2011	250	50	61	23	134
Ahmed and Ishiga (2006)	2003	1000	70	38	49	121
Ali et al. (2017)	2016	74	90	43	–	154
Al-Khashman (2004)	2003	2000	15	11	11	13
Al-Khashman (2007a)	2004	2000	100	281	844	318
Al-Khashman (2007b)	2004	2000	127	32	145	125
Al-Khashman (2013)	2011	2000	175	20	55	165
Al-Momani (2009)	2005	2000	74	139	162	402
Amato et al. (2009)	2007	10	13	1153	227	1425
Amato et al. (2011)	2008	10	23	2030	216	1834
Aminiyan et al. (2018)	2015	63	200	791	123	253
Andrews and Sutherland (2004)	2002	63	15	235	445	902
Apeagyei, Bank, and Spengler (2011)	2008	2000	85	105	73	240
Arslan (2001)	2000	90	10	—	230	62
Aryal et al. (2017)	2012	150	9	182	216	950
Atiemo, Ofosu, Aboh, and Oppon (2012)	2009	100	60	71	112	327
Bada and Oyegbami (2012)	2012	100	4	—	185	15
Banerjee (2003)	1999	500	4	224	249	330
Benhaddya, Boukhelkhal, Halis, and Hadjel (2016)	2015	2000	13	84	288	257
Bian and Zhu (2009)	2006	2000	88	81	282	538
Bourliva, Papadopoulou, and Aidona (2016)	2014	250	30	526	191	671
Bourliva et al. (2017)	2009	63	31	662	209	453
Brown and Peake (2006)	2001	2000	3	129	289	528
Cai and Li (2019)	2018	74	234	91	155	496
Cao et al. (2018)	2014	25	32	62	122	509
Cesari et al. (2012)	2011	2000	5	70	36	205
Chang et al. (2009)	2006	63	28	121	189	1181
Charlesworth, Everett, McCarthy, Ordonez, and de Miguel (2003)	2002	1000	149	388	48	485
Chow et al. (2003)	2002	10	3	168	109	965
Christoforidis and Stamatis (2009)	2003	63	88	131	322	287
Dehghani, Moore, Keshavarzi, and Hale (2017)	2015	63	30	275	213	666
Deocampo, Reed, and Kalenuik (2012)	2011	250	74	69	82	214
Divrikli, Soylak, Elci, and Dogan (2003)	1999	600	42	30	53	—
Duan, Wang, Zhang, and Xuan (2017)	2017	149	79	130	68	186
Duong and Lee (2009)*	2006	2000	9	127	164	128
Duong and Lee (2011)	2009	2000	10	129	106	170
Darán and Gonzalez (2009)	2006	75	14	3768	—	—
Duzgoren-Aydin et al. (2006)	2003	2000	30	176	240	586
El-Hasan et al. (2006)	2004	2000	23	24	51	95
Elik (2003)	2000	297	36	94	223	231
Ewen, Anagnostopoulou, and Ward (2009)	2006	125	75	269	207	463
Faiz, Tufail, Javed, Chaudhry, and Naila (2009)	2009	125	13	52	104	116
Ferreira-Baptista and de Miguel (2005)	2002	100	92	42	351	317
Gabarrón, Faz, and Acosta (2017)	2016	2000	63	133	155	462
German and Svensson (2002)	2000	250	18	282	45	257
Gunawardana, Goonetilleke, Egodawatta, Dawes, and Kokot (2012a)	2010	425	8	92	31	200
Guney, Onay, and Copty (2010)	2008	2000	20	111	177	245
Han et al. (2008)	2001	1000	65	95	231	421
Han et al. (2014)*	2013	250	16	131	86	205
Han, Lu, Zhang, Wuyuntana, and Pan (2016)	2012	1000	121	29	58	86
Harb et al. (2015)	2014	500	80	40	26	47
Hu et al. (2011)	2009	63	35	130	104	394
Hu et al. (2016)	2012	63	144	101	61	—
Huang et al. (2014)	2010	100	30	163	218	1850
Huang et al. (2016)	2013	73	51	44	67	215
Jiries (2003)	2001	2000	12	157	640	323
Jordanova, Jordanova, and Petrov (2014)	2012	63	15	127	105	267
Joshi et al. (2009)	2007	355	18	3138	173	863
Kamani et al. (2015)	2013	2000	60	32	32	191
Kamani et al. (2017)	2015	2000	60	286	81	695
Kantor et al. (2018)	2017	63	21	98	37	379
Karanasiou et al. (2014)	2009	10	72	444	121	1135
Karmacharya and Shakya (2012)*	2012	2000	21	30	22	62
Kartal, Aydın, and Tokalıoğlu (2006)	2000	74	33	84	415	443
Khanal et al. (2014)*	2012	2000	10	254	95	1296
Kim, Doh, Park, and Yun (2007)	2000	1000	50	461	150	816
Kim, Kim, Kang, and Ko (2016)*	2013	63	25	466	297	2285
Kong et al. (2011)	2007	10	12	115	51	174
Kong et al. (2012)*	2010	100	15	85	45	188
Kumar, Furumai, Kurisu, and Kasuga (2013)	2008	2000	2	551	132	847
Lanzerstorfer and Logiewa (2019)*	2017	2000	1	20	12	40
Lanzerstorfer (2018)*	2016	200	4	122	37	320
Lee, Yu, Yun, and Mayer (2005)	2002	150	633	446	214	2665
Li, Poon, and Liu (2001)	2001	2000	45	173	181	1450
Li, Qian, et al. (2013)	2012	63	40	102	72	298
Li, Feng, et al. (2013)	2010	149	55	139	956	2379
Li et al. (2014)	2013	2000	16	83	77	271
Li, Shi, and Zhang (2015)	2013	2000	8	126	511	51
Li, Liang, Wang, and Yang (2015)	2014	100	23	36	184	299
Li, Zhang, et al. (2016)	2013	74	51	44	67	215
Li, Yu, et al. (2016)	2012	500	40	92	73	278
Li et al. (2017)	2015	63	75	102	83	298
Lin et al. (2017)	2015	150	276	28	45	225
Liu, Zeng, Yang, Qiu, and Chan (2009)	2009	1000	42	53	81	255
Liu, Yan, Birch, and Zhu (2014)	2011	100	48	262	116	314
Logiewa et al. (2020)*	2017	1000	2	218	112	505
Lu et al. (2010)	2006	1000	38	123	433	715
Lu et al. (2014)	2013	1000	42	33	75	142
Ma and Singhirunnusorn (2012)	2011	850	8	13	10	58
Ma, Chen, Li, Bi, and Huang (2016)	2012	149	43	105	262	377
Manasreh (2010)	2008	63	24	69	143	132
Mashi, Yaro, and Eyong (2005)	2003	2000	75	97	210	79
Rastegari Mehr et al. (2016)	2015	63	31	66	132	174
Men, Liu, Wang, Guo, and Shen (2018)	2016	1000	72	77	65	290
Nazzal et al. (2013)	2011	2	42	162	183	233
Okorie et al. (2012)	2011	250	9	132	992	421
Ordonez et al. (2003)	2002	2000	112	183	514	4892
Ozaki, Watanabe, and Kuno (2004)	2001	2000	17	—	—	—
Padoan et al. (2017)*	2016	2000	29	181	74	200
Pal, Wallis, and Arthur (2011)	2010	1000	65	68	77	212
Pan et al. (2017)	2015	1000	90	55	125	269
Pathak, Yadav, Kumar, and Kumar (2013)	2012	2000	63	216	55	707
Perez, Lopez-Mesas, and Valiente (2008)	2007	2000	13	216	283	542
Poleto, Bortoluzzi, Charlesworth, and Merten (2009)	2008	63	20	114	52	256
Praveena and Aris (2018)	2016	73	51	425	593	527
Qiang, Yang, Jingshuang, Quanying, and Zou (2015)	2013	2000	38	43	71	171
Qiao, Schmidt, Tang, Xu, and Zhang (2014)	2009	2000	132	80	77	343
Rajaram, Suryawanshi, Bhanarkar, and Rao (2014)	2009	75	7	169	129	264
Rijkenberg and Depree (2010)	2009	1000	2	53	235	385
Robertson and Taylor (2007)*	2001	1000	72	204	258	288
Robertson, Taylor, and Hoon (2003)	2001	1000	19	113	265	653
Saeedi et al. (2012)	2010	63	50	222	254	864
Sager, Chon, and Marton (2015)	2013	75	8	322	263	1330
Sezgin et al. (2004)	2002	500	22	115	189	459
Shabbaj et al. (2017)	2016	63	24	146	147	510
Shen, Liu, Aini, and Gong (2016)	2014	1000	20	106	74	256
Shi and Wang (2013)	2008	1000	30	132	77	375
Shi et al. (2008)	2007	125	273	197	295	734
Shi et al. (2010)	2009	125	43	218	210	641
Shinggu, Ogugbuaja, Barminas, and Toma (2007)	2006	250	10	18	71	154
Shinggu, Ogugbuaja, Toma, and Barminas (2010)	2007	2000	10	60	339	616
Singh (2011)	2006	2000	13	26	48	78
Soltani et al. (2015)	2012	63	24	182	393	707
Suryawanshi, Rajaram, Bhanarkar, and Chalapati Rao (2016)	2009	75	9	192	121	285
Sutherland and Tolosa (2000)	2000	2000	13	167	106	434
Sutherland, Tack, and Ziegler (2012)	2012	2000	20	409	537	671
Taiwo et al. (2017)	2015	2000	39	14	32	94
Tamrakar and Shakya (2011)	2011	250	15	—	19	96
Tang et al. (2013)	2009	500	220	64	50	—
Tang et al. (2017)	2014	100	70	39	45	—
Tanner, Ma, and Yu (2008)	2008	63	25	235	150	1608
Tokalıoğlu and Kartal (2006)	2003	74	29	37	75	112
Trujillo-González, Torres-Mora, Keesstra, Brevik, and Jiménez-Ballesta (2016)	2014	2000	15	213	468	210
Turner and Hefzi (2010)	2008	63	4	105	40	356
Tüzen (2003)	2001	75	6	32	164	76
Urrutia-Goyes, Hernandez, Carrillo-Gamboa, Nigam, and Ornelas-Soto (2018)	2017	250	44	167	227	649
Valdez Cerda, Hinojosa Reyes, Alfaro Barbosa, Elizondo‐Martinez, and Acuña‐Askar (2011)	2001	2000	30	—	300	475
Valotto et al. (2015)	2014	37	16	1814	678	1495
Vega et al. (2001)	1998	25	3	150	380	870
Wang et al. (2012)	2006	1000	71	73	63	297
Wang et al. (2014)	2010	1000	38	178	1586	1919
Wang, Li, et al. (2016)	2010	63	60	141	119	585
Wang, Lu, and Pan (2016)	2015	100	94	49	98	165
Watson and Chow (2001)	2000	10	11	86	189	554
Wei, Jiang, Li, and Mu (2009)	2007	149	169	95	54	294
Wei, Jiang, Li, and Mu (2010)	2007	149	42	101	57	349
Wei, Gao, Wang, Zhou, and Lu (2015)	2010	125	152	70	105	223
Xiang, Li, Yang, and Shi (2010)	2009	1000	9	108	72	239
Xie, Dearing, Boyle, Bloemendal, and Morse (2001)	1998	1000	76	—	985	1531
Xu, Lu, Han, and Zhao (2015)	2012	100	116	32	60	78
Yaghi and Abdul-Wahab (2004)	2003	595	119	47	65	124
Yang, Liu, Li, Zeng, and Chan (2010)	2002	1000	31	62	103	224
Yekeen et al. (2016)	2013	2000	44	—	393	—
Yetimoğlu, Ercan, and Tosyali (2007)	2004	149	65	191	368	431
Yeung, Kwok, and Yu (2003)	2001	100	7	98	110	3479
Yongming, Peixuan, Junji, and Posmentier (2006)	2001	1000	65	95	231	421
Yu et al. (2014)	2013	63	87	55	61	—
Yuen et al. (2012)	2011	63	30	614	241	1596
Yun, Choi, and Lee (2000)	1998	2000	28	269	144	532
Zafra-Mejía et al. (2019)	2011	250	230	108	92	168
Zanders (2005)*	2002	2000	6	124	249	962
Zhang and Wang (2009)	2005	2000	20	134	235	367
Zhang, Qiao, Appel, and Huang (2012)	2008	1000	69	140	228	583
Zhang, Deng, Wang, Chen, and Xu (2013)	2012	63	38	129	136	421
Zhang, Hua, and Krebs, (2015)*	2012	1000	12	200	—	410
Zhang, Lu, Chen, Gao, and Fu (2015)	2013	1000	42	32	75	142
Zhao, Lu, Chao, and Xu (2015)	2012	100	204	41	53	109
Zheng and Zhang (2008)	2005	900	63	42	61	214
Zheng, Liu, Wang, and Liang (2010)	2009	100	35	264	533	5271
Zhou et al. (2015)	2011	100	72	918	1559	—
Zhu, Li, Bi, Han, and Yu (2013)	2012	1000	91	305	477	1552
Žibret and Rokavec (2010)	2009	125	6	149	146	961
Žibret et al. (2013)	2012	125	46	73	89	222

* Studies investigating size fractionated RDS reporting also the concentrations for the bulk samples and the USL.

Figure 5. Size ranges of the RDS size fractions investigated.

Figure 6. Relative concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn based on the calculated concentrations for a particle size of 63 µm.

Table 2. Suggested size fractions for RDS studies.

Suggested USL of the size fraction	Fractionation method	Mesh size	Representative particle size in µm	Number of size fraction k
2000 µm	Dry sieving	10	700^a	4
250 µm	Dry sieving	60	125^a	3
63 µm	Dry sieving	230	25^a	2
10 µm	Wet sieving or resuspension and PM10 sampling or air classification	850	5^b	1

a Geometric mean of the upper and lower sieve size.

b Arithmetic mean for the finest size fraction.

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