Eco-friendly green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia leaves: optical properties with biological evaluation of anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant applications

Figures & data

Table 1. Preliminary phytochemical constituent of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extracts.

S.NO	PHYTOCHEMICALS	AQUEOUS EXTRACT
1	Alkaloids (Mayers test)	+
2	Carbohydrates (Benedict’s test)	+
3	Cardiac glycosides (Borntragers test)	+
4	Flavonoids (Alkaline reagent Test)	+
5	Terpenoids (Salkowaski test)	-
6	Proteins (Ninhydrin test)	+
7	Resins	+
8	Saponins (Lead acetate test)	+
9	Steroids	+
10	Tannins (Ferric chloride test)	+

+ Indicate Present; – Indicate Absent.

Figure 1. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in T. cordifolia leaf extract.

Table 2. Quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents of T. cordifolia leaf extract.

Extract	Percentage yield (%w/w)	Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g of plant extract)	Total Flavonoid content (mg QE/g of plant extract)
Aqueous	32.7	13.60 ±.50	1.38±.03

Figure 2. Free radical-scavenging activity of T. cordifolia leaf Extract.

Table 3. Free radical-scavenging activity of T. cordifolia leaf extract at different concentrations using DPPH method.

S. No	Concentration (µg/mL)	% of Activity
		Standard	Aqueous extract
1	5	38.48 ±4.83	10.29 ±3.09
2	10	57.05 ±4.82	25.81 ±3.06
3	25	61.14 ±6.46	45.90 ±1.57
4	50	74.86 ± 4.54	54.00 ± 1.74
5	100	87.24 ± 3.90	69.05 ±2.22

Figure 3. Reducing power of T. cordifolia leaf extract.

Table 4. Reducing capacity of T. cordifolia leaf extract at different concentrations.

S. No	Concentration (µg/mL)	% of Activity
		Standard	Aqueous extract
1	5	0.04 ± 0.00	0.03 ±0.01
2	10	0.07 ± 0.01	0.07±0.00
3	25	0.21 ± 0.001	0.18±0.01
4	50	0.45 ± 0.002	0.32 ±0.02
5	100	0.83 ±0.004	0.51 ±0.01

Figure 4. UV-Vis spectra of Cu NPs synthesized by T. cordifolia leaves extract after reaction over and after a period of 1 week.

Figure 5. FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized Cu NPs.

Figure 6. XRD of copper nanoparticles.

Figure 7. SEM-EDAX of copper nanoparticles.

Figure 8. Transmission electron microscopy image of Biosynthesised Cu NPs.

Figure 9. Antimicrobial activity of bio-Cu NPs.

Table 5. Zone of inhibition of different bacterial and fungal pathogens with respect to bio-Cu NPs volumes.

Cu NPs	Bacterial pathogens			Fungal pathogens
Volume (µl)	Lactobacillus sp	S. aureus	S. mutans	C. albicans
50	12	12	9	9
100	20	14	22	12
150	22	18	24	15

Figure 10. Anti-inflammatory activity of bio-synthesized Cu NPs.

Table 6. Anti-inflammatory activity of bio-synthesized Cu NPs.

S. No	Dose µg/mL	% Inhibition of Protein Denaturation
		Diclofenac	Aqueous Extract
1	200	36.61 ± 2.01	16.41 ± 2.16
2	400	60.54 ± 2.84	28.26 ± 2.72
3	600	76.72 ± 3.51	34.58 ± 2.94
4	800	82.49 ± 3.60	41.84 ± 2.56
5	1000	89.31 ± 3.09	56.35 ± 2.81

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.