Green synthesis of biofabricated silver nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum seeds: spectral characterization and evaluation of its anti-mycobacterial activity, cytotoxicity assessment on zebrafish embryo and Artemia salina

Figures & data

Figure 1. Visible observation of silver nanoparticles.

Figure 2. UV- Visible spectrum of silver nanoparticles with SPR band at 450 nm.

Figure 3. FTIR spectroscopic analysis of silver nanoparticles.

Figure 4. XRD of silver nanoparticles.

Figure 5. a) SEM and b) EDAX of silver nanoparticles.

Figure 6. TEM of synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Figure 7. Antibacterial activity of plant extract on different microorganisms.

a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa b) Staphylococcus aureus c) Escherichia coli d) Klebsiella pneumonia

Figure 8. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles.

a) Staphylococcus aureus b) Escherichia coli c) Klebsiella pneumonia d) Pseudomonas auroginosa

Table 1. Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles.

S.no	Plant name	ZONE OF INHIBITION (in mm)
		Staphylococcus aureus	Escherichia coli	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Klebsiella pneumoniae
1	Syzygium aromaticum	7	5	10	6

Table 2. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts.

S.no	Plant name	Solvent	ZONE OF INHIBITION (in mm)
			Staphylococcus aureus	Escherichia coli	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Klebsiella pneumoniae
1	Syzygium aromaticum	Hexane	4	-	8	6
		Ethanol	-	2	1	4
		Methanol	9	7	8	11

Figure 9. Antimycobacterial activity of silver nanoparticles and plant extract.

Table 3. Quantitative analysis on antimycobacterial activity and plant extract.

Antimycobacterial activity Mycobacterium smegmatis	(MIC) In Vitro Activity (μg/mL)
Silver nanoparticles	250
Aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum	250

Figure 10. Zebra fish embryo – morphological change was noticed with high concentration of nanodrug.

Table 4. The cytotoxicity assay of plant extract Syzygium aromaticum was assessed by zebra fish embryo.

Plant name	Concentration (µg/mL)	No. of survival	No. of Death	% of Lethality
Syzygium aromaticum	5	9	1	10
		9	1
	25	8	2	30
		6	4
	50	5	5	45
		6	4
	75	3	7	70
		3	7
	100	2	8	85
		1	9
	Control	10	0	-

Figure 11. Survival rate and LC₅₀ concentration of Artemia salina for silver nanoparticle and plant extract.

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.