Growing up in single-parent families and the criminal involvement of adolescents: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the study selection process.

Table 1. Overview of the studies included in the systematic review.

Author (year)	N	Country	Design	Results	Only included bivariate analyses
Adlaf and Ivis (1997)	964	USA	CS	0	X
Banyard et al. (2006)	980	USA	CS	+
Brown (2006)	11,201	USA	CS	+
Brown (2006)	11,201	USA	C	0
Bryant et al. (1995)	180	USA	CS	0
Champion et al. (2008)	13,422	USA	CS	+
Chilton and Markle (1972)	8944	USA	CC	+	X
Conseur et al. (1997)	51,960	USA	C	+
Coughlin and Vuchinich (1996)	194	USA	C	0
Crawford and Novak (2008)	10,704	USA	C	+
Demuth and Brown (2004)	16,304	USA	C	0
Erdelja et al. (2013)	200	Croatia	CC	+
Foster et al. (2010)	1319	USA	C	0
Gibson (1969)	411	UK	C	+	X
Goldstein (1984)	6768	USA	CS	+	X
Gregory (1965)	11,329	USA	C	+	X
Hay et al. (2006)	1423	USA	C	+	X
Hoffmann (2002)	11,749	USA	CS	+
Hoffmann (2002)	11,749	USA	C	+
Hollist and McBroom (2006)	15,455	USA	C	+
Isir et al. (2007)	232	Turkey	CC	+	X
Juby and Farrington (2001)	411	UK	C	+
Keller et al. (2002)	67	USA	C	0
Kierkus and Hewitt (2009)	3499	USA	CS	+
Knoester and Haynie (2005)	16,910	USA	CS	+
Laub and Sampson (1988)	1000	USA	CC	0
Leiber et al. (2009)	9636	USA	CS	0
Mack et al. (2007)	9636	USA	CS	0
Margari et al. (2015)	93	Italy	CC	+	X
Mützell (1995a)	527	Sweden	CC	+	X
Mützell (1995b)	528	Sweden	CC	+	X
Neumann et al. (2010)	4597	UK	C	+
Offord et al. (1979)	118	Canada	CC	+	X
Offord et al. (1978)	146	Canada	CC	+	X
Pagani et al. (1999)	497	Canada	C	+
Pagani et al. (1998)	427	Canada	C	0	X
Pedersen (2000)	2436	Norway	C	+
Pitt-Aikens and McKinnon (2000)	120	UK	CC	+	X
Rankin (1983)	2242	USA	CS	0	X
Rebellon (2002)	1725	USA	CS	+
Rebellon (2002)	1725	USA	C	+
Salts et al. (1995)	1192	USA	CS	0
Smith and Walters (1978)	330	USA	CC	+	X
Spohn and Kurtz (2011)	4023	USA	CS	+
Vanassche et al. (2014)	1688	Belgium	CS	+
Voorhis et al. (1988)	152	USA	CS	0
Wubishet and van Leuween (2016)	179	Ethiopia	CC	+
Zimmerman et al. (1995)	254	USA	CS	0	X

Note: C, cohort study; CS, cross-sectional study; CC, case-control study; +, positive relation; 0, no statistically significant relation.

Table 2. Comparison between studies with and without statistically significant positive results.

Variable	Variable labels	N studies	% of studies with statistically significant positive results
Continent	North America	36	61.11
	Europe	11	100.00
	Other	1	100.00
Study design	Cohort	18	72.22
	Cross-sectional	18	55.56
	Case–control	12	91.67
Year(s) of data collection	Before 2000	32	71.88
	2000 and later	5	100.00
	Unknown	11	54.55
Sex	Boys	14	71.43
	Girls	1	100.00
	Mixed	30	66.67
	Unknown	3	100.00
Sample size	0–499	17	70.95
	500–999	4	75.00
	1000 or more	27	70.37
Total		48	70.83

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