Emotional, cognitive and behavioral self-regulation in forensic psychiatric patients: changes over time and associations with childhood trauma, identity and personality pathology

Figures & data

Table 1. Spearman’s correlations between waves.

	Emotion regulation			Behavioral regulation			Cognitive regulation
Total scores	W1	W2	W3	W1	W2	W3	W1	W2	W3
W1		44	36		43	35		40	34
W2	.86		31	.59		30	.72		29
W3	.79	.74		.70	.71		.53	.72
Factor scores	W1	W2	W3	W1	W2	W3	W1	W2	W3
W1		44	36		43	36		42	34
W2	.81		31	0.53		30	.71		30
W3	.78	.75		0.64	0.67		.52	.79

Notes: N can be found above the diagonal, correlations below. All correlations were significant at α > .05.

Table 2. Cross-sectional correlations between variables for mean and factor scores.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. Emotion regulation	1	0.51	0.34	0.27	−0.55	0.60	0.54	0.73	0.62
2. Behavior regulation	0.54	1	0.24	0.12	−0.50	0.64	0.23	0.57	0.52
3. Cognitive regulation	0.42	0.34	1	−0.03	−0.30	0.31	0.18	0.38	0.18
4. Trauma	0.29	0.16	−0.09	1	−0.03	0.02	0.18	0.14	0.13
5. Identity	−0.55	−0.59	−0.27	−0.10	1	−0.57	−0.46	−0.58	−0.66
6. Antagonism	0.57	0.63	0.41	−0.03	−0.57	1	0.59	0.77	0.74
7. Detachment	0.44	0.28	0.12	0.19	−0.40	0.48	1	0.63	0.68
8. Negative Affect	0.71	0.51	0.43	0.12	−0.59	0.71	0.51	1	0.78
9. Psychoticism	0.58	0.52	0.26	0.12	−0.67	0.73	0.60	0.77	1

Notes: Factor score correlations can be found above the diagonal, mean score correlations can be found below the diagonal.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of cross-sectional and longitudinal (waves 1–3) total mean and factor scores.

	Total mean scores					Factor scores
	N	M	SD	Min	Max	N	M	SD	Min	Max
Longitudinal
Wave 1
Emotion regulation	63	2.20	0.87	1	4.27	64	0	0.55	−0.73	1.46
Behavioral regulation	63	2.25	0.63	1.22	3.78	64	0	0.26	−0.39	0.55
Cognitive regulation	61	1.89	0.54	1	3.14	62	−0.03	0.33	−0.39	0.79
Wave 2
Emotion regulation	44	2.19	0.89	1	4.36	44	0	0.86	−1.05	2.08
Behavioral regulation	43	2.10	0.59	1	3.33	43	−0.04	0.52	−0.86	1.16
Cognitive regulation	42	1.90	0.53	1	3.29	43	−0.03	0.36	−0.52	0.92
Wave 3
Emotion regulation	36	2.08	0.92	1	4.00	36	0	0.74	−1.85	1.50
Behavioral regulation	35	2.09	0.61	1	3.44	36	0	0.3	−0.42	0.70
Cognitive regulation	34	1.68	0.43	1	2.57	35	−0.03	0.27	−0.35	0.62
Cross-sectional
Emotion regulation	93	20.14	5.42	11	34	94	0	0.56	−0.76	1.31
Behavioral regulation	93	13.31	4.03	7	24	94	0	0.36	−0.5	0.79
Cognitive regulation	93	23.83	9.16	11	47	94	0	0.31	−0.4	0.82
Trauma	90	45.17	18.28	18	88	93	0	1	−1.36	2.41
Identity	77	77.95	15.04	37	105	93	0	0.77	−1.91	1.16
Antagonism	92	26.18	8.36	14	56	94	0	0.58	−0.8	2.03
Detachment	91	21.7	6.58	12	44	94	0	0.36	−0.47	1.21
Negative affect	94	37.35	11.26	18	72	94	0	0.75	−1.22	2.19
Psychoticism	93	27.95	8.56	15	54	94	0	0.31	−0.41	0.98

Table 4. Robust fit indices for the confirmatory factor analyses.

	CFI	TLI	RSMEA (CI)	SRMR
Longitudinal
Wave 1
Emotion regulation	0.925	0.899	0.115 (0.065–0.161)	0.051
Behavioral regulation	0.956	0.940	0.053 (0.000 - 0.120)	0.065
Cognitive regulation	0.976	0.961	0.048 (0.000 - 0.137)	0.057
Wave 2
Emotion regulation	0.944	0.924	0.108 (0.032 - 0.165)	0.063
Behavioral regulation	0.973	0.960	0.051 (0.000 - 0.140)	0.082
Cognitive regulation	1.000	1.119	0.000 (0.000 - 0.095)	0.054
Wave 3
Emotion regulation	0.926	0.898	0.134 (0.064 - 0.195)	0.056
Behavioral regulation	0.958	0.939	0.074 (0.000 - 0.160)	0.061
Cognitive regulation	1.000	1.044	0.000 (0.000 - 0.130)	0.059
Cross-sectional
Childhood trauma	0.918	0.913	0.080 (0.058 - 0.100)	0.086
Identity dysfunction	0.928	0.928	0.063 (0.026 - 0.092)	0.068
Antagonism	0.900	0.871	0.100 (0.072 - 0.128)	0.073
Detachment	0.928	0.905	0.075 (0.034 - 0.110)	0.069
Negative affectivity	0.910	0.895	0.078 (0.053 - 0.100)	0.067
Psychoticism	0.923	0.909	0.065 (0.026 - 0.094)	0.070
Emotion regulation	0.927	0.903	0.108 (0.069 - 0.146)	0.061
Behavioral regulation	0.940	0.914	0.064 (0.000 - 0.112)	0.056
Cognitive regulation	0.937	0.905	0.068 (0.000 - 0.136)	0.057

Notes: Fit indices in bold meet the predetermined cut-off criteria. CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RSMEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, CI = Confidence Interval, SRMS = Standardized Root Mean Square.

Table 5. Regression results for the cross-sectional path analyses (factor and sum score models).

		Factor scores				Sum scores
		CFI	TLI	RSMEA	SRMR	CFI	TLI	RSMEA	SRMR
		0.981	0.911	0.109	0.033	0.995	0.979	0.053	0.036
		Z-value	Standardized regression coefficient	P-value		Z-value	Standardized regression coefficient	P-value
Childhood trauma	E	2.642	0.333	0.008		2.341	0.302	0.019
	B	−0.262	−0.029	0.794		0.382	0.046	0.702
	C	−1.451	−0.137	0.147		−1.272	−0.131	0.203
Identity dysfunction	E	−3.132	−0.355	0.002		−3.097	−0.362	0.002
	B	−2.995	−0.288	0.003		−3.948	−0.385	0
	C	−1.664	−0.132	0.096		−0.623	−0.056	0.533
Antagonism	E	3.407	0.37	0.001		3.322	0.318	0.001
	B	4.694	0.422	0.000		4.987	0.419	0
	C	1.983	0.123	0.047		2.124	0.117	0.034
Detachment	E	4.774	0.518	0.000		4.594	0.458	0
	C	0.605	0.04	0.545		0.347	0.023	0.728
Negative Affectivity	E	6.467	0.585	0.000		7.013	0.601	0
	B	2.798	0.245	0.005		1.941	0.174	0.052
	C	2.563	0.155	0.010		2.572	0.13	0.01
Psychoticism	E	4.519	0.467	0.000		5.193	0.518	0
	B	3.874	0.278	0.000		2.938	0.244	0.003

Notes: Values in bold were significant. Values in italics approached significance. CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RSMEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, CI = Confidence Interval, SRMS = Standardized Root Mean Square. E = Emotion regulation, B = Behavioral regulation, C = Cognitive regulation.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author, EB. The data are not publicly available due to the sensitive nature of patient data.