The promotive relationship between personality and self-reported offending

Figures & data

Table 1. Big five personality dimensions for males and females.

	Males	Females
Big Five	Mean (sd)	Mean (sd)	t	OR
Extraversion	28.6 (5.5)	29.7 (5.8)	2.2**	1.43
Agreeableness	33.7 (4.9)	35.7 (6.6)	3.9***	1.89
Conscientiousness	32.5 (5.4)	34.1 (6.3)	3.2**	1.63
Neuroticism	21.6 (5.9)	23.6 (6.0)	4.0***	1.85
Openness	32.5 (5.3)	31.1 (5.6)	3.0**	0.63

* p < .05; **p < .01, ***p < .001

Table 2. Five-factor model of personality and percent with self-reported offences.

		Prom	Middle	Risk	Prom	Risk
Males	r	%	%	%	OR	OR	Type
Extraversion	.05	20.3	26.2	22.1	1.38	0.79	Non−Linear
Agreeableness	−.16**	15.9	20.6	38.0	1.37	2.37**	Risk
Conscientiousness	−.12	15.9	23.8	31.2	1.65	1.45	Mixed
Neuroticism	.18**	9.5	26.7	31.3	3.46**	1.25	Prom
Openness	−.07	22.9	21.8	29.7	0.94	1.51	Risk
Females		% Prom	% Middle	% Risk	Prom	Risk	Type
Extraversion	.08	23.6	37.5	28.8	1.94*	0.68	Non−Linear
Agreeableness	−.22**	13.1	35.0	43.6	3.56**	1.44	Prom
Conscientiousness	−.19**	18.3	34.4	38.2	2.33*	1.18	Prom
Neuroticism	.19**	19.7	32.3	43.3	1.95t	1.60	Prom
Openness	.04	35.1	30.8	30.4	0.82	0.98	Non−Linear

t <.10 * p < .05; **p < .01, ***p < .001

Table 3. Parental, family, socioeconomic and school risk factors versus self-reported offending in males.

Parental	%NR	% R	OR	LCI	UCI
Convicted Father	18.6	33.6	2.21**	1.28	3.84
Convicted Mother	22.7	38.9	2.17	0.80	5.84
Authoritarian Father	23.9	24.4	1.03	0.58	1.85
Young Father	22.6	27.7	1.31	0.70	2.46
Young Mother	21.8	30.6	1.58	0.80	3.13
Family
Uninvolved Father	26.2	13.2	0.43t	0.16	1.15
Physical Punishment	23.2	24.4	1.07	0.58	2.0
Physical Punishment G3	20.2	31.5	1.82*	1.03	3.21
Poor Supervision	24.4	21.2	0.83	0.40	1.73
Poor Supervision G3	16	31.9	2.46***	1.40	4.32
Parental Conflict	21.6	29.1	1.49	0.83	2.68
Separated from Child	21.4	39.6	2.40**	1.23	4.68
Separated from Child G3	23.6	26.0	1.14	0.62	2.11
Socioeconomic
Low Take home pay	19.4	31.3	1.89t	0.94	3.80
Large Family size	23.0	26.9	1.24	0.68	2.24
Poor Housing	21.4	35.5	2.02*	1.07	3.82
Low social class	23.5	26.3	1.17	0.60	2.26
School
Early leaving School G3	22.3	33.3	1.74	0.84	3.61
No A Levels G3	16.3	27.3	1.93*	1.02	3.63

%NR – percent offenders in non-risk category; %R – percent offenders in the risk category; OR – odds ratio; t <.10 * p < .05; **p < .01, ***p < .001

Table 4. Parental, family, socioeconomic and school risk factors and self-reported offending in females.

Parental	%NR	% R	OR	LCI	UCI
Convicted Father	28.3	36.5	1.46	0.86	2.47
Convicted Mother	29.6	44.4	1.90t	0.84	4.29
Authoritarian Father	29.4	36.1	1.35	0.76	2.41
Young Father	31.8	32.1	1.01	0.58	1.78
Young Mother	29.8	37.7	1.42	0.78	2.60
Family
Uninvolved Father	31.0	29.8	0.95	0.46	1.93
Physical Punishment	27.5	35.7	1.44	0.79	2.64
Physical Punishment G3	31.1	32.9	1.09	0.62	1.91
Poor Supervision	31.4	30.4	0.95	0.49	1.86
Poor Supervision G3	22.8	44.1	2.67***	1.57	4.57
Parental Conflict	27.4	35.0	1.43	0.79	2.56
Separated from Child	29.3	41.8	1.74t	0.93	3.24
Separated from Child G3	26.7	42.0	2.00*	1.16	3.44
Socioeconomic
Low Take home pay	31.6	29.8	0.92	0.46	1.86
Large Family size	32.6	28.4	0.82	0.45	1.49
Poor Housing	29.4	35.3	1.31	0.71	2.42
Low social class	32.3	28.3	0.83	0.44	1.57
School
Early leaving School G3	28.5	51.3	2.64**	1.32	5.28
No A Levels G3	24.1	35.5	1.73t	0.97	3.09

%NR – percent offenders in non-risk category; %R – percent offenders in the risk category; OR – odds ratio; t <.10 * p < .05; **p < .01, ***p < .001

Table 5. Independent predictors of offending.

Males
Variable	B	SE	Wald	Sig	Exp (B)	LCI	UCI
Agreeableness (risk)	1.004	0.39	6.76	0.009	2.73	1.28	5.82
Convicted Father	0.77	0.38	4.02	0.05	2.16	1.02	4.58
Physical punishment from G3	0.94	0.39	5.83	0.02	2.55	1.19	5.44
Separated from child at 32	0.94	0.45	4.45	0.04	2.56	1.07	6.12
Neuroticism (prom)	−1.92	0.60	10.19	0.001	0.15	0.05	0.48
Females
Variable	B	SE	Wald	Sig	Exp (B)	LCI	UCI
Poor supervision from G3	0.93	0.29	10.56	0.001	2.53	1.45	4.44
Separated from child from G3	0.68	0.29	5.37	0.021	1.97	1.11	3.50
Agreeableness (prom)	−1.31	0.42	9.70	0.002	0.27	0.12	0.61

Figure 1. Percent male offenders and number of independent predictors.

Figure 2. Percent female offenders and number of independent predictors.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, D.Jolliffe, upon reasonable request.