Reinforced self-affirmation as a method of reducing the misinformation effect: Towards ecological validity

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean number of answers consistent with misinformation in Experiment 1.

		Non-misled	Misled
No initial testing	No RSA	2.06 (1.76)	6.00 (2.57)
	RSA	2.32 (1.39)	3.18 (2.20)
Initial testing	No RSA	2.34 (1.64)	3.88 (1.98)
	RSA	2.33 (1.58)	3.24 (2.24)

Table 2. Analysis of variance of effects in Experiment 1.

Effect	df	F	p	η^2
Misinformation	1	54.62	< .001	.18
Initial testing	1	3.24	.073	.01
RSA	1	10.66	.001	.04
Misinformation × Initial testing	1	5.80	.017	.02
Misinformation × RSA	1	14.32	< .001	.05
Initial testing × RSA	1	3.81	.052	.01
Misinformation × Initial testing × RSA	1	6.32	.013	.02
Residual	255

Table 3. Mean number (SDs) of answers consistent with misinformation in Experiment 2.

RSA	No misinformation	Misinformation
No RSA	0.71 (0.74)	1.39 (1.20)
RSA based on memory quality	1.13 (0.76)	0.90 (0.82)
RSA based on being praised	0.62 (0.78)	1.40 (1.13)

Table 4. Analysis of variance of effects in Experiment 2.

Effect	df	F	p	η^2
Misinformation	1	9.40	.002	.05
RSA	2	0.04	.964	.01
Misinformation × RSA	2	5.71	.004	.06
Residual	185

Table 5. Mean number (SDs) of answers consistent with misinformation in Experiment 3.

RSA	No misinformation	Misinformation
No RSA	0.08 (0.28)	1.79 (1.60)
RSA	0.43 (0.82)	1.13 (0.97)

Table 6. Analysis of variance of effects in Experiment 3.

Effect	df	F	p	η^2
Misinformation	1	37.07	< .001	.25
RSA	1	0.58	.448	.01
Misinformation × RSA	1	6.49	.012	.05
Residual	114

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials. The link to the files is: https://osf.io/e3ynh/