Exploring factors associated with chronic and serious offending in detained dual system youth

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic Information, Sample Characteristics, and Psychometric Test Scores for Participants.

	Total Sample (N = 192)	Violent Index Offence (n = 134)	No Violent Index Offence (n = 58)	Comparison of Means / Proportions
Variable	n (%) / M (SD)	n (%) / M (SD)	n (%) / M (SD)
Age	16.84 (1.86)	16.84 (1.86)	16.84 (1.86)	t108.18 = 0.005, p = 1.0
Gender				χ^21 = 0.18, p = .66
Male	159 (83%)	112 (84%)	47 (81%)
Female	33 (17%)	22 (16%)	11 (19%)
Ethnocultural Group				χ^22 = 1.29, p = .52
ESB	97 (51%)	69 (51%)	28 (48%)
CALD	58 (30%)	42 (31%)	16 (28%)
ATSI	37 (19%)	23 (17%)	14 (24%)
Child Protection History				χ^21 = 3.1, p = .08
No	104 (54%)	67 (50%)	37 (64%)
Yes	88 (46%)	67 (50%)	21 (36%)
YSR Internalising score	16.5 (10.2)	16.91 (10.86)	15.55 (8.47)	t137.22 = - 0.93, p = .35
YSR Externalising score	31.06 (11.62)	31 (11.94)	31.19 (10.96)	t117.36 = 0.11, p = .91
Anger recognition – LI	2.74 (1.72)	2.98 (1.77)	2.19 (1.47)	t129.35 = −3.20, p = .002
BIS-11 total score	78.04 (11.86)	77.36 (12.13)	79.6 (11.14)	t117.27 = 1.25, p = .21
IPAS Impulsive Aggression score	34.71 (7.93)	35.25 (7.57)	33.48 (8.66)	t96.44 = −1.35, p = .18

Note. YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; ESB = English Speaking Background.

Table 2. Comparison of Mean Number of Previous Orders.

	Mean number of Previous Orders	Comparison of Means
Variable	M (SD)
Gender		t41.41 = 2.70, p = .01
Male	3.94 (4.08)
Female	2.2 (2.35)
Ethnocultural Group		F (2, 136) = 1.12, p = .33
ESB	3.83 (3.54)
CALD	2.98 (4.1)
ATSI	4.37 (4.57)
Child Protection History		t124.18 = −1.87, p = .06
No	3.08 (3.31)
Yes	4.32 (4.41)

Note. YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; ESB = English Speaking Background.

Table 3. Odds Ratios for Effects for Logistic Regression Model Examining Violent Index Offence.

	B (SE)	OR	95% CI
Age	0.09(0.21)	1.09	[0.72, 1.65]
Gender Female:Male	−0.67(0.46)	0.51	[0.21, 1.28]
Ethnocultural Group CALD:ESB	−0.07(0.42)	0.93	[0.41, 2.10]
Ethnocultural Group ATSI:ESB	−0.97(0.48)	0.38	[0.15, 0.98]
Child Protection History Yes:No	1.01(0.40)*	2.74	[1.24, 6.05]
YSR Externalising score	−0.11(0.31)	0.90	[0.49, 1.64]
YSR Internalising score	−0.0(0.35)	0.96	[0.48, 1.93]
BIS-11 total score	−0.47(0.28)	0.63	[0.36, 1.09]
IPAS Impulsive aggression score	0.18(0.27)	1.20	[0.71, 2.04]
Anger recognition – LI	0.87(0.26)**	2.38	[1.43, 3.96]

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; ESB = English Speaking Background.* = p < .05, ** = p < .01

Table 4. Wald statistics for Logistic Regression Model Interaction Terms examining Violent Index Offence.

Interaction Terms	Wald’s χ^2	p
Gender*Child Protection	1.5	.21
Ethnocultural Group*Child Protection	2.6	.27
YSR Externalising score*Child Protection	0.8	.68
YSR Internalising score*Child Protection	0.4	.82
IPAS Impulsive aggression score*Child Protection	0.7	.72
BIS-11 total score*Child Protection	2.4	.30
Anger recognition – LI*Child Protection	1.3	.26

Note. YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity.

Table 5. Incidence Rate Ratios for Previous Number of Orders.

	Incidence Rate Ratio	95% CI	p
Age	0.52	[0.37, 0.73]	<.001
Gender (female)	0.55	[0.33, 0.91]	.02
Ethnocultural Group (ATSI)	1.09	[0.71, 1.68]	.68
Ethnocultural Group (CALD)	0.76	[0.51, 1.12]	.15
Child Protection History (yes)	1.60	[1.13, 2.27]	.008
YSR Externalising score	1.01	[0.99, 1.02]	.58
YSR Internalising score	1.00	[0.98, 1.02]	.93
BIS-11 total score	1.00	[0.99, 1.02]	.82
IPAS Impulsive aggression score	0.98	[0.96, 1.01]	.18
Anger recognition – LI	1.04	[0.94, 1.15]	.45

Note. CI = confidence interval; YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; Model Nagelkerke R²= .22.

Figure 1. The Interaction Between Externalising Symptoms and Child Protection Status on Number of Previous Orders.

Figure 2. The Interaction Between Ethnocultural Group and Child Protection Status on Number of Previous Orders.

Note. ESB = English Speaking Background; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse.

Table 6. Incidence Rate Ratios for Variable Interactions and Previous Number of Orders.

	Incidence Rate Ratio	95% CI	p
Gender*Child Protection	0.45	[0.16, 1.26]	.12
Ethnocultural Group (ATSI) *Child Protection	0.36	[0.15, 0.86]	.02
Ethnocultural Group (CALD)*Child Protection	0.58	[0.26, 1.28]	.18
YSR Externalising score*Child Protection	0.96	[0.93, 0.99]	.02
YSR Internalising score*Child Protection	1.01	[0.97, 1.05]	.54
BIS-11 total score*Child Protection	1.00	[0.97, 1.03]	.88
IPAS Impulsive aggression score*Child Protection	1.03	[0.98, 1.08]	.27
Anger recognition – LI*Child Protection	1.03	[0.84, 1.25]	.80

Note. CI = confidence interval; YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; Model Nagelkerke R²= .32

Table 7. Incidence Rate Ratios for Variable Interactions and Previous Number of Orders.

	Incidence Rate Ratio	95% CI	p
Gender*Child Protection	0.45	[0.16, 1.26]	.12
Ethnocultural Group (ATSI) *Child Protection	0.36	[0.15, 0.86]	.02
Ethnocultural Group (CALD)*Child Protection	0.58	[0.26, 1.28]	.18
YSR Externalising score*Child Protection	0.96	[0.93, 0.99]	.02
YSR Internalising score*Child Protection	1.01	[0.97, 1.05]	.54
BIS-11 total score*Child Protection	1.00	[0.97, 1.03]	.88
IPAS Impulsive aggression score*Child Protection	1.03	[0.98, 1.08]	.27
Anger recognition – LI*Child Protection	1.03	[0.84, 1.25]	.80

Note. CI = confidence interval; YSR = Youth Self-Report; BIS-11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; IPAS = Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale; LI = low intensity; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CALD = Culturally and Linguistically Diverse; Model Nagelkerke R²= .32

Data availability

The data is publicly unavailable due to ethical restrictions. Please contact the lead researcher for further information.