Examining perceptions of blame and homophobia: the impact of sexual orientation on non-consensual intimate image dissemination

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the research participants, by sex (N = 260).

		Men (n = 128)	Women (n = 132)	Difference
Age M (SD)	Range 19–57	36.59 (11.21)	29.34 (7.77)	t (225.51) = 6.04 (p < .001)
Ethnicity – n (%)	Jewish	127 (99.2)	130 (98.5)	–
Country of birth – n (%)	Israel	117 (91.4)	121 (91.7)	–
Marital status – n (%)	Married/in a relationship	92 (71.9)	89 (67.4)	Z = 0.78 (p = .435) (Married /in a relationship vs. others)
	Single	34 (26.6)	37 (28.0)
	Divorced, widowed	2 (1.6)	6 (4.54)
Religiosity – n (%)	Secular	93 (72.7)	101 (76.5)	Z = 0.71 (p = .475) (secular vs. others)
	Somewhat religious	27 (21.1)	23 (17.4)
	Religious	8 (6.3)	8 (6.1)
Education level – n (%)	Higher education (BA, MA, PhD)	98 (76.6)	95 (72.0)	Z = 0.85 (p = .397)
	High school or below; vocational education	30 (23.4)	37 (28.0)

Note. Differences were not calculated for variables with low variance.

Table 2. Means, standard deviations, and correlations for the study variables (N = 260).

	M (SD)	1.	2.	3.	4.
1.Offense severity	4.62 (0.51)	1
2. Blaming perpetrator	4.58 (0.61)	.42***	1
3. Blaming victim	2.33 (0.82)	−.25***	−.25***	1
4.Homophobic attitudes	1.47 (0.50)	−.36***	−.28***	.33***	1

Note. Range 1–5. ***p < .001.

Table 3. Means and standard deviations by sex (participant, perpetrator, victim) (N = 260).

	Participant’s sex		Perpetrator’s sex		Victim’s sex
	Men (n = 128) M (SD)	Women (n = 132) M (SD)	Men (n = 131) M (SD)	Women (n = 129) M (SD)	Men (n = 131) M (SD)	Women (n = 129) M (SD)
Severity of the offense	4.53 (0.57)	4.71 (0.41)	4.64 (0.52)	4.61 (0.49)	4.66 (0.50)	4.59 (0.51)
Blaming perpetrator	4.51 (0.66)	4.65 (0.52)	4.67 (0.46)	4.50 (0.70)	4.59 (0.60)	4.57 (0.59)
Blaming victim	2.41 (0.84)	2.26 (0.79)	2.31 (0.83)	2.36 (0.80)	2.36 (0.83)	2.31 (0.81)
Homophobic attitudes (n = 241)	1.61 (0.51)	1.35 (0.45)	–	–	–	–

Table 4. Multiple regression models for offense severity, blaming perpetrator, and blaming victim (N = 241).

	Severity of the offense			Blaming perpetrator			Blaming victim
	B (SE)	β (p)	95%CI	B (SE)	β (p)	95%CI	B (SE)	β (p)	95%CI
Age	−0.10 (0.03)	−.21 (.001)	−0.17, −0.04	−0.07 (0.04)	−.12 (.067)	0.84, 1.19	−0.05 (0.05)	−.06 (.332)	0.84, 1.18
Level of religiosity (secular)	−0.06 (0.07)	−.06 (.371)	−0.21, 0.08	0.04 (0.09)	.03 (.683)	0.87, 1.16	−0.22 (0.12)	−.11 (.082)	0.85, 1.17
Participant’s sex (men)	−0.03 (0.07)	−.03 (.601)	−0.16, 0.09	−0.04 (0.08)	−.04 (.603)	0.80, 1.26	0.07 (0.11)	.04 (.550)	0.79, 1.27
Same sex vs. opposite sex perpetrator and victim (same sex)	−0.01 (0.06)	−.01 (.982)	−0.12, 0.11	−0.01 (0.07)	−.01 (.850)	0.98, 1.02	0.05 (0.10)	.03 (.609)	0.99, 1.01
Homophobic attitudes	−0.07 (0.05)	−.15 (.138)	−0.17, 0.02	−0.16 (0.06)	−.26 (.016)	0.32, 3.11	0.21 (0.09)	.26 (.013)	0.34, 2.91
Same sex vs. opposite sex perpetrator and victim × Homophobic attitudes	−0.16 (0.06)	−.25 (.010)	−0.28, −0.04	−0.02 (0.08)	−.03 (.765)	0.34, 2.90	0.05 (0.10)	.04 (.648)	0.38, 2.66
Adj. R^2	.179			.100			.115
F(6, 234)	9.63, p < .001			5.43, p < .001			6.17, p < .001

Figure 1. The moderating effect of same sex vs. opposite sex perpetrator and victim on the relationship between homophobic attitudes and offense severity.