Difficulties Greek Senior High School Students Identify in Learning and the Teaching of Statistics: The Case of Experimental and Private High Schools

Figures & data

Figure 1: Students' distribution according to gender

Figure 2: Students' distribution according to school

Figure 3: Students' distribution according to direction of studies

Figure 4: Students' distribution according to school and direction

Figure 5: Students' characterization of difficulty of the lesson

Figure 6: Students' characterization of satisfaction by their teachers

Table 1: Students' Identifying Difficulties in learning and teaching Statistics

Statement	Frequency	%
Difficulties in learning Statistics
1. Difficulty in understanding basic statistical concepts	6	3.7%
2. Difficulty in understanding assumptions and conclusions in statistical problems	22	13.5%
3. Difficulty in designing a solving procedure	43	26.4%
4. Difficulty in applying the appropriate statistical methodology and formulas	29	17.8%
5. Difficulty in checking the validity of the solving procedure	40	24.5%
6. Difficulty in applying known statistical methodology in real life situations and problems	59	36.2%
7. Difficulty in interpreting statistical results	6	3.7%
8. Difficulty in performing mathematical operations for extracting results	37	22.7%
Difficulties and Suggestions in teaching Statistics
1. Teacher's difficulty in presenting basic statistical concepts	23	14.1%
2. Teacher's difficulty in presenting and organizing data in the classroom	47	28.8%
3. Teacher's difficulty in analyzing data	33	20.2%
4. Teacher's difficulty in presenting the interpretation of statistical results	23	14.1%
5. Teacher's difficulty in teaching using real life projects	23	14.1%
6. Suggestion for the teachers to use slides or other teaching aids in the classroom	25	15.3%
7. Suggestion for the teachers to be better informed on the Science of Statistics	25	15.3%
8. Suggestion for the teachers to provide more and / or more difficult exercises	32	19.6%
9. Suggestion for the teachers to use computers in teaching	37	22.7%
10. Suggestion for the teachers to better prepare students for the State Examinations	32	19.6%

Figure 7: Discrimination measures (Students' related variables)

Figure 8: Discrimination measures (Teachers' related variables)

Table 2: Interactions of the dimensions with gender, direction, school, the total grade of difficulty of statistics and total satisfaction index of the students by their teachers

Dimensions / Factors		Factor
		Gender	Direction	School	Difficulty Index	Satisfaction Index
Students	Dimension 1	0.029 (*)	0.022 (*)	0.201	0.001 (*)	0.707
	Dimension 2	0.786	0.616	0.098	0.177	0.804
	Dimension 3	0.544	0.524	0.567	0.234	0.465
Teachers	Dimension 1	0.132	0.565	0.051	0.588	0.250
	Dimension 2	0.316	0.210	0.543	0.040 (*)	0.399
	Dimension 3	0.784	0.574	0.756	0.324	0.635

Figure 9.a: Students' difficulty in stochastic thinking and gender

Figure 9.b: Students' difficulty in stochastic thinking and direction

Figure 9.c: Students' difficulty in stochastic thinking and difficulty index

Figure 9.d: Teachers' difficulty in presenting and organizing data in the classroom and difficulty index

Figure 10: Framework of the relations revealed by the analysis