Statistical Literacy as a Function of Online Versus Hybrid Course Delivery Format for an Introductory Graduate Statistics Course

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations of study variables.

^aLevel 1 (n = 669)	All students (n = 669)	Doctoral students (n = 390)	Masters students (n = 279)	Hybrid (n = 317)	Online (n = 352)
CAOS pretest	47.78 (10.32)	47.44 (9.72)	48.02 (9.72)	47.51 (10.10)	48.01 (10.52)
CAOS posttest	52.13 (11.92)	51.71 (11.80)	52.43 (12.02)	52.03 (11.44)	52.22 (12.36)
^aLevel 2 (n = 27)	6 Weeks (n = 9)	16 Weeks (n = 18)
CAOS pretest	48.06 (2.54)	48.07 (2.98)
CAOS posttest	51.22 (2.70)	52.88 (2.85)

NOTE: *Mean (SD).

^a Students are the observational unit for level 1; the semester during which the course was held is the observational unit for level 2.

Table 2. Multilevel modeling coefficient (standard error) and model fit results for statistical literacy posttest.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Coeff. (SE)	t (p)	Coeff. (SE)	t (p)	Coeff. (SE)	t (p)	Coeff. (SE)	t (p)
Intercept $\left({\gamma }_{00}\right)$	52.11 (0.40)	131.72 (<00.001)	51.88 (0.52)	99.61 (<00.001)	51.97 (0.65)	80.35 (<00.001)	51.97 (0.65)	80.35 (<00.001)
Level 1
CAOS pretest $\left({\gamma }_{10}\right)$	0.66 (0.04)	16.02 (<0.001)	0.66 (0.04)	15.87 (<0.001)	0.66 (0.04)	15.79 (<0.001)	0.66 (0.04)	15.79 (<0.001)
Masters level $\left({\gamma }_{20}\right)$			0.38 (0.73)	0.53 (0.60)	0.43 (0.75)	0.57 (0.57)	0.43 (0.75)	0.57 (0.57)
Online format $\left({\gamma }_{30}\right)$					−0.21 (0.80)	−0.26 (0.79)	−0.21 (0.80)	−0.26 (0.79)
Level 2
16-week course $\left({\gamma }_{01}\right)$							1.56 (1.54)	1.01 (0.31)
Random effects	Variance component	p	Variance component	p	Variance component	p	Variance component	p
Variance between semesters $\left(u_0\right)$	0.86	0.51	0.88	0.50	0.88	0.50	0.88	0.50
Variance within semesters (r)	94.09	<0.001	94.03	<0.001	94.03	0.001	94.03	<0.001
AIC	4951.976		4953.743		4955.673		4955.673
BIC	4969.999		4976.272		4982.707		4982.707
SBIC	4957.299		4960.397		4963.657		4963.657

NOTE: Level 1 n = 669; Level 2 n = 27.