Figures & data
TABLE 1 Studied formulations of insulin nasal gels
TABLE 2 Comparison of area under the time-absorbance curve of protein secretions of rat nasal mucosal membrane after contact with different absorption enhancers between 15–120 min (n = 4)
FIG. 1 Insulin release profiles from (a) 2% and (b) 4% low or medium molecular weight chitosan gels prepared with lecithin or EDTA in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) (n=3).
FIG. 2 Insulin release profiles from different concentrations and different types of chitosan gels containing (a) EDTA or (b) Lecithin in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) (n=3).
TABLE 3 Comparison between different release parameters of insulin from chitosan gel formulations in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) (n=3)
FIG. 3 Mucoadhesion of different chitosan gels measured by a modified balance method (n=6).
FIG. 4 Serum glucose level of different groups of diabetic rats (n=6). (A) Untreated control group, (B) intravenous administration of 4 Iu/kg insulin, (C) nasal administration of blank gel base, and (D) nasal administration of 100 μl/kg of chitosan gel containing 4000 Iu/dl insulin.
FIG. 5 Serum insulin level of different groups of diabetic rats (n=6). (A) Untreated control group, (B) intravenous administration of 4 Iu/kg insulin, (C) nasal administration of blank gel base, and (D) nasal administration of 100 μl/kg of chitosan gel containing 4000 μu/dl insulin.
TABLE 4 Absolute bioavailability of blood Insulin and glucose level of diabetic rats after administration of different preparations of insulin (n=6)