Figures & data
Table 1. Mass detector parameters used for the analysis of vitamin C, lopinavir, ketoprofen, and valsartan (IS).
Figure 3. The amount of vitamin C deposited in the stratum corneum and epidermis/dermis of hairless mouse skin at 6 h after the application of vitamin C-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and vitamin C-loaded RED system (RED) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells. The rectangular bars and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value significantly different from that of the stratum corneum, and the pound sign (#) represents a value significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).
![Figure 3. The amount of vitamin C deposited in the stratum corneum and epidermis/dermis of hairless mouse skin at 6 h after the application of vitamin C-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and vitamin C-loaded RED system (RED) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells. The rectangular bars and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value significantly different from that of the stratum corneum, and the pound sign (#) represents a value significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).](/cms/asset/9112b4a8-3f8d-4c50-b6d0-df9ad5c838c8/idrd_a_1367975_f0003_b.jpg)
Figure 4. In vitro hairless mouse skin permeation profiles of lopinavir after the application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (A) and the arterial plasma concentration versus time profiles of lopinavir after the transdermal application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) in rats (B). Bullet symbols and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value of the RED group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).
![Figure 4. In vitro hairless mouse skin permeation profiles of lopinavir after the application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (A) and the arterial plasma concentration versus time profiles of lopinavir after the transdermal application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) in rats (B). Bullet symbols and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value of the RED group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).](/cms/asset/04fae5a7-f5a7-4905-91c4-94b34c39a3e0/idrd_a_1367975_f0004_b.jpg)
Table 2. In vitro skin permeation parameters of lopinavir after the application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) on the hairless mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (n = 3–4).
Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters of lopinavir after the transdermal application of lopinavir-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control) and lopinavir-loaded RED system (RED) in rats (n = 3–4).
Figure 5. In vitro hairless mouse skin permeation profiles of ketoprofen after the application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (A) and the arterial plasma concentration versus time profiles of ketoprofen after the transdermal application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) in rats (B). Bullet symbols and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value of the RED group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05), and the pound sign (#) represents a value of the Ketotop® group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).
![Figure 5. In vitro hairless mouse skin permeation profiles of ketoprofen after the application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) on the mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (A) and the arterial plasma concentration versus time profiles of ketoprofen after the transdermal application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) in rats (B). Bullet symbols and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4). The asterisk (*) represents a value of the RED group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05), and the pound sign (#) represents a value of the Ketotop® group significantly different from that of the control group (p < .05).](/cms/asset/acca1709-ba89-4d5b-80fc-9b86391e4c1b/idrd_a_1367975_f0005_b.jpg)
Table 4. In vitro skin permeation parameters of ketoprofen after the application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) on the hairless mouse skin fixed in the diffusion cells (n = 3–4).
Table 5. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen after the transdermal application of ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (control), ketoprofen-loaded RED system (RED), and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) in rats (n = 3–4).
Figure 6. Erythema indices of skin at 0, 1, and 24 h (A) and its photographs at 24 h (B) after the transdermal application of saline solution, saline-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (Saline gauze without RED), ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (Ketoprofen gauze without RED), ketoprofen-loaded RED system, and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) in rats. The rectangular bars and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4).
![Figure 6. Erythema indices of skin at 0, 1, and 24 h (A) and its photographs at 24 h (B) after the transdermal application of saline solution, saline-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (Saline gauze without RED), ketoprofen-soaked gauze dressing without the RED system (Ketoprofen gauze without RED), ketoprofen-loaded RED system, and Ketotop® patch without the RED system (Ketotop®) in rats. The rectangular bars and their error bars represent the means and standard deviations (n = 3–4).](/cms/asset/5f956da4-4114-4226-832b-262f28d12cc5/idrd_a_1367975_f0006_c.jpg)