Co-delivery nanoparticles of anti-cancer drugs for improving chemotherapy efficacy

Figures & data

Table 1. The pharmacological characteristics of usual anticancer drugs used in NDCDS.

Category	Name	Pharmacological target	Mechanisms of action	Indications
SMCA	Paclitaxel (PTX)	Microtubules	Promotes the polymerization of tubulin	Ovarian, breast, head and neck, lung cancer
SMCA	Docetaxel (DTX)	Microtubules	Promotes the polymerization of tubulin	Ovarian, breast, head and neck, lung cancer
SMCA	Cisplatin (CDDP)	Nucleus	Interacts with the DNA and forms the inter- or intra-strand chain cross-linking, prevents the replication of DNA	Testicular, ovarian,  breast, and bladder cancer
SMCA	Carboplatin	Nucleus	Causes intra- and inter strand DNA crosslinks blocking DNA replication and transcription	Ovarian, lung,  head, neck, and brain cancer
SMCA	Oxaliplatin (OXA)	Nucleus	Causes intra- and inter strand DNA crosslinks blocking DNA replication and transcription
SMCA	Doxorubicin (DOX)	Nucleus	Intercalates into DNA double strand and inhibits the progression of DNA topoisomerase II, stopping replication process	AML, ALL, solid tumors and sarcomas
SMCA	Daunorubicin (DRB)	Nucleus	Inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis and inhibits DNA synthesis. Topoisomerase II inhibitor	AML, ALL, CML, and Kaposi's sarcoma
SMCA	Camptothecin (CPT)	Nucleus	Binds to the topoisomerase I and DNA complex, prevents DNA re-ligation and causes DNA damage
SMCA	Topotecan (TPT)	Nucleus	Topotecan's active lactone form intercalates between DNA bases in the topoisomerase-I cleavage complex
SMCA	Irinotecan (CPT-11)	Nucleus	Topoisomerase-I inhibitor	Colon and lung cancer
SMCA	10-Hydroxycamptothecin(10-HCPT)	Nucleus	Topoisomerase-I inhibitor
SMCA	SN-38	Nucleus	Is an active metabolite of CPT-11, inhibits DNA topoisomerase I
SMCA	Etoposide	Nucleus	Forms a complex with DNA and topoisomerase II, causes DNA strands to break	Testicular, lung, and ovarian cancer. Lymphoma
SMCA	Teniposide	Nucleus	Topoisomerase II inhibitor	ALL and lymphoma.
SMCA	Vincristine (VCR)	Microtubules	Binding to the tubulin, stopping the cell from separating its chromosomes during the metaphase	ALL, AML, neuroblastoma, and lung cancer
SMCA	Curcumin (CUR)	Nucleus, P-gp,mitochondria	Multiple cell signaling pathways
Antibody	Trastuzumab  Herceptin	ERBB2	Inhibition of ERBB2 signaling and ADCC	Breast cancer
Antibody	Bevacizumab	VEGF	Inhibition of VEGF signaling	Colon and lung cancer, glioblastoma
Antibody	Cetuximab	EGFR	Inhibition of EGFR signaling and ADCC	Colorectal, lung, and head and neck cancer

Table 2. Some representative NDCDS: model drugs and biomaterials.

Biomaterial	Model drug 1	Model drug 2	Indications	Ref.
mPEG-PLGA	DOX	PTX	Non-small lung cancer, melanoma, hematoma	Wang et al. (2011)
PCL-SS-CTS-GA micelle	DOX	CUM	Hematoma carcinoma	Yan et al. (2016)
Polymer-lipid hybrid	DOX	Mitomycin C	Murine breast cancer	Zhang et al. (2016b)
Pluronic F-127 diacrylate macromer	5-fluorouracil	Camptothecin		Ma et al. (2013)
P(MDS-co-CES) micelle	PTX	Herceptin	Breast cancer	Lee et al. (2009)
DSPE-PEG-AA/rHDL/DCA-PEI/p53	Dichloroacetate	p53	Lung adenocarcinoma	Zhang et al. (2016a)
PLLA/PLGA	DOX	p53	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Xu et al. (2012, 2013)
Polyamidoamne dendrimer functionalized graphene oxide	DOX	MMP-9 shRNA	Breast cancer	Guo et al. (2017)
OEI600-PBA/HBPO	DOX	Beclin1 siRNA		Jia et al. (2015)
FA/PEG/liposomes (EPC, CHOL and DOTAP)	PTX	Tariquidar	Ovarian cancer	Sriraman et al. (2015)
PLGA	DTX	Gambogic acid	Breast cancer	Xu et al. (2016)
mPEG-g-PLL-b-Phe	DOX	P-gp siRNA	Breast adenocarcinoma	Suo et al. (2016)
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks	Cisplatin prodrug	MDR gene-silencing siRNAs(Bcl-2, P-gp, and survivin)	Ovarian cancer	He et al. (2014)
Folate acid conjugated graphene oxide	DOX	Gold NPs		Chauhan et al., (2016)
PLGA	DTX	Gold NPs		Hao et al. (2015)
Metallo-supramolecular nanogel	DOX	Tetraphenylporphyrin zinc		Yao et al. (2015)
Mesoporous silica	DOX	Gold nanorods	Lung carcinoma	Chen et al. (2016)
Liposomes (EPC, CHOL, DOTAP, PEG2kPE)	PTX	Tariquidar	Ovarian cancer	Patel et al. (2011)
Transferrin conjugated Liposomes	DOX	VER	Leukemia	Wu et al. (2007)
FA-PEG-PLGA	cis-diaminodichloroplatinum	PTX	Non-small lung cancer	He et al. (2015)
β-CD modified CdSe/ZnSe QDs coupled to L-Arg or L-His	DOX	siRNA targeting the MDR1 gene	Cervical cancer	Li et al. (2012)
Gold nanorod	DOX	siRNA against ASCL1	Neuroendocrine carcinoma	Xiao et al., (2012a,b)
poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) derivative ith adipic dihydrazide	DOX	Disulfiram	Breast cancer	Duan et al. (2013)

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of NDCDS models: the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic profiles.

Figure 2. Mechanisms illustration of NDCDS reversing MDR: the potential process of from blood to pharmacological target.

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