Nanoparticle drug delivery systems: an excellent carrier for tumor peptide vaccines

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sketch of mechanism of immunotherapy.

Figure 2. Representative structures of various NPs for drug delivery. (a) Liposomes, (b) polymeric micelles, (c) polymeric nanoparticle, (d) gold nanoparticle and (e) nanogel.

Table 1. The advantages and disadvantages of each kind of nanoparticle for peptides delivery.

Categories	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Liposome	✔ Long circulation time. ✔ High drug loading. ✔ Can be equipped with targeting ligands.	× Partly lose the ability to tailor liposome characteristics for optimal drug retention and release profiles. × Decrease targeting capacity owing to nonspecific serum protein binding, and hinder tumor penetration.	Noble et al., 2014; van der Meel et al., 2014
Polymeric micelles	✔ Lessen the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux effect. ✔ Improved stability. ✔ High drug loading.	× Tend to dissociate and release payloads upon extensive dilution and interaction with proteins and cells in the blood pool, which often lead to premature drug release following i.v. injection.	Gong et al., 2012; Zhong et al., 2014
Polymeric nanoparticle	✔ Release a drug at a rate controlled. ✔ Allow encapsulation of bioactive molecules and protect them against enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation.	× Too sophisticated to put on production, while the simple cannot meet the curative requirement.	Hsieh et al., 2016; Ulbrich et al., 2016; El-Say & El-Sawy, 2017
Gold nanoparticle	✔ High degree of stability and biocompatibility. ✔ Be multi-functional after modification. ✔ Can be combined with radiotherapy or photodynamic therapy.	× Multi-functionalized GNPs become increasingly more complicated and balance must be achieved between suitable in vivo stability, tumor localization, limited cytotoxicity and efficacy.	Kogan et al., 2007; Nicol et al., 2015
Nanoemulsion	✔ Micro-domain of different polarity within the same single phase solution can facilitate solubility of hydrophilic or lipophilic peptides. ✔ Usually be designed as oral dosage forms for convenience.	× More mechanistic studies are needed to shed new insights on the understanding of the interplay between nanoemulsion, peptides and physiological conditions in the intestine. × Bio-relevance must receive more attention	Niu et al., 2016
Nanogel	✔ The formation by covalent crosslinking reactions induces the stability in a complex and unkind environment, preventing the leakage of the encapsulated drug. ✔ High drug loading.	× Traditional covalent crosslinking usually involves crosslinking agents, which may cause unwanted toxic effects and damage the entrapped peptides.	Neamtu et al., 2017

Figure 3. Idea of preparation of nanoparticle which make use of photosensitizer and also lead to immune response.

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