Identifying factors associated with sedentary time after stroke. Secondary analysis of pooled data from nine primary studies.

Figures & data

Box. 1 Factors of interest determined a priori.

Demographics

Age

Sex

Employment status

Socio-economic status

Education attainment

Living status

Personal factors

Body Mass Index

Smoking

Levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity

Comorbidities

Environmental aspects

Season of accelerometer data collection

Stroke related factors

Type of stroke

Time since stroke

Stroke severity

Impairments

Upper and lower extremity impairment

Vision impairment

Walking ability

Walking speed

Walking capacity (distance)

Use of walking aids

Physical ability

Self-reported physical function

Independence in activities of daily living

Cognition and mood

Cognitive ability

Fatigue

Anxiety

Depression

Table 1. Characteristics of studies that provided data.

Author	Country	n	Design	Time since stroke	Walking ability
Dean*	Australia	4	Intervention	< 2 years	Able to walk 10 m independently, no aids
English 2016^Citation21	Australia	48	Observational	> 6 months	Able to walk independently indoors, no aids
Ezeugwu*	Canada	30	Intervention	2–4 months	Able to walk ≥ 5 m independently, no aids
Jones 2016^Citation37	Australia	21	Intervention	No criteria specified; recruitment from general population	Able to walk ≥ 50 m, no aids
Kuys*	Australia	29	Intervention	< 2 months	Able to walk 10 m independently
Mahendran 2016^Citation38	Australia	36	Observational	< 4 months	No criteria specified
Paul*	United Kingdom	56	Intervention	Discharged from active rehabilitation	Able to walk independently
Simpson*	Australia	30	Observational	No criteria specified; Participants were recruited from rehabilitation ward	No criteria specified
Tieges 2015^Citation20	United Kingdom	96	Observational	No criteria specified; Participants with a recent acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke were recruited	No criteria specified

*Data from ongoing trials

Table 2. Participant demographics.

Characteristic	All available data	Pooled data
Sample size, n
Total	350	274
Mean (SD) across studies	39 (25)	30 (15)
Sex, number male (%)	213 (61)	167 (61)
Age, (yr) mean (SD)	66 (14)	66 (13)
Time since stroke (mth) mean (SD)	17 (28)	18 (29)

Table 3. Univariate regressions.

			Time spent sedentary		Time spent in sedentary bouts >30 min		Time spent in sedentary bouts >60 min
Factor	Number participants, n (number studies)	Missing data within studies, n (%)	p value	Adjusted R^Citation2	p value	Adjusted R^Citation2	p value	Adjusted R^Citation2
Demographics
Educational level	52 (3)	0 (0%)	0.564	−0.052	0.709	<0.001	0.845	0.071
Living arrangements	144 (6)	0 (0%)	0.107	0.005	0.524	0.017	0.872	0.028
Personal factors
BMI	205 (7)	27 (13%)	0.048	0.023	0.024	0.037	0.038	0.031
Smoker	171 (4)	6 (4%)	0.317	0.006	0.971	0.007	0.859	0.018
Comorbidities	147 (4)	0 (0%)	0.359	0.005	0.295	0.016	0.423	0.023
Stroke related factors
Type of stroke	198 (6)	6 (3%)	−0.067	0.024	0.214	0.033	0.290	0.022
Time since stroke	268 (8)	3 (1%)	0.893	0.010	0.468	0.013	0.254	0.011
Stroke severity	118 (3)	2 (2%)	0.035	0.030	0.019	0.046	0.016	0.045
Walking ability
Walking speed	195 (6)	6 (3%)	<0.001	0.156	<0.001	0.167	<0.001	0.112
Walking capacity (distance)	149 (5)	46 (31%)	<0.001	0.158	<0.001	0.187	<0.001	0.158
Walking aid	216 (7)	4 (2%)	<0.001	0.064	<0.001	0.066	0.009	0.039
Physical ability
Degree of ADL independence	197 (6)	4 (2%)	0.014	0.045	0.003	0.065	0.005	0.053
Cognition and mood
Cognitive function	145 (5)	37 (26%)	0.864	0.004	0.445	0.019	0.150	0.028
Fatigue	192 (6)	36 (19%)	0.084	0.027	0.101	0.026	0.044	0.020
Mood disorder	194 (6)	8 (4%)	0.235	0.019	0.179	0.016	0.315	0.006
Anxiety	153 (4)	3 (2%)	0.028	0.031	0.079	0.020	0.164	0.003
Depression	175 (5)	8 (5%)	0.055	0.027	0.118	0.016	0.095	0.008

All regressions corrected for age, gender, and study. Bolded values indicate statistical significance.

BMI = body mass index, ADL = activities of daily living

Table 4. Multivariable regression.

Dependent variable		Number participants, n (number studies)	Missing data within studies, n (%)	p value	Unstandardized β (95% CI)*	Standardized β*
Time spent sedentary	BMI	182 (7)	69 (27%)	0.071	0.206
	Stroke severity	118 (7)	133 (53%)	0.231	0.139
	Walking speed	195 (7)	56 (22%)	0.001	−0.115 (−0.182 to −0.048)	−0.390
	Walking aid	197 (7)	54 (22%)	0.451	−0.094
	Degree of ADL independence	197 (7)	54 (21%)	0.532	0.78
	Anxiety	153 (7)	98 (39%)	0.512	−0.77
Time spent in sedentary bouts >30 min	BMI	182 (7)	69 (27%)	0.049	0.007 (0 to – 0.014)	0.222
	Stroke severity	118 (7)	133 (53%)	0.182	0.151
	Walking speed	195 (7)	56 (22%)	<0.001	−0.153 (−0.235 to −0.070)	−0.410
	Walking aid	197 (7)	54 (22%)	0.413	−0.100
	Degree of ADL independence	197 (7)	54 (21%)	0.351	0.113
Time spent in sedentary bouts >60 min	BMI	182 (7)	69 (27%)	0.110	0.186
	Stroke severity	118 (7)	133 (53%)	0.132	0.177
	Walking speed	195 (7)	56 (22%)	0.004	−0.131 (−0.217 to −0.045)	−0.351
	Walking aid	197 (7)	54 (22%)	0.670	−0.054
	Degree of ADL independence	197 (7)	54 (21%)	0.333	0.122
	Fatigue	192 (7)	59 (24%)	0.441	−0.091

All regression were corrected for age, gender, and study. All regression analyses included data from: English, Ezeugwu, Kuys, Mahendran, Paul, Simpson, and Tieges. Bolded values indicate statistical significance.

*Since forward and backward methods were used for the regressions, not all data is available for the non-significant variables.

Table

Running environment

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