FeetMe® Monitor-connected insoles are a valid and reliable alternative for the evaluation of gait speed after stroke

Figures & data

Figure 1. STROBE flow chart

Figure 2. Data flow of FeetMe® evaluation system

Figure 3. Inter-rater reliability at test and retest

Inter-rater reliability based on the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between gait parameters measured using GAITRite® and FeetMe Monitor® at test (A) and 95% Confidence Interval diminution (B) over the three sequences of gait analysis: 24 m, 8 m and one single cycle.

Figure 4. Bland–Altman plot between FeetMe® Monitor and GAITRite®

Confidence Intervals (CI) of gait parameters (A, stride length; B, velocity; C, cadence) measured using FeetMe® Monitor and GAITRite® are provided over the three sequences of gait analysis: three 8-m trials, , and one single cycle at test and retest pooled.

Table 1. Subjects’ demographics

Numbers of inclusion (n)	29
Female (n)	4
Age (years)	59 ± 15 (22; 81)
Side of paresis (Right/Left)	12/16
Time since stroke (months)	67 ± 50 (15; 227)
Height (cm)	172.4 ± 6.2 (161; 188)
Weight (kg)	74.8 ± 12.1 (52; 109)
Shoe size (EU)	41.6 ± 2.2 (37; 45)

Patients characteristics expressed in mean ± standard deviation (minimal; maximal values).

Table 2. FeetMe® Monitor validity

		One single stride			8 m			24 m
		GAITRite®	FeetMe®	ICC	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	ICC	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	ICC
Velocity [cm/s]		83.9 ± 31.5	84.9 ± 32.6	0.98	81.7 ± 30.0	83.1 ± 32.0	0.99	82.6 ± 30.1	83.9 ± 31.0	0.99
Stride length [cm]		103.6 ± 25.5	102.7 ± 25.8	0.99	101.6 ± 24.4	101.0 ± 25.1	0.99	102.4 ± 24.3	102.0 ± 24.4	0.99
Cadence [step/min]		95.8 ± 20.2	94.5 ± 19.8	0.95	95.1 ± 19.6	93.7 ± 19.2	0.99	95.1 ± 19.3	94.2 ± 19.3	0.99
Stance duration [s]
Non-paretic		0.92 ± 0.24	0.81 ± 0.25	0.77	0.93 ± 0.23	0.82 ± 0.23	0.78	0.92 ± 0.22	0.87 ± 0.19	0.92
	Paretic	0.78 ± 0.18	0.71 ± 0.16	0.83	0.79 ± 0.17	0.72 ± 0.14	0.83	0.79 ± 0.17	0.75 ± 0.15	0.94
Swing duration [s]
Non-paretic		0.35 ± 0.06	0.44 ± 0.17	0.32	0.35 ± 0.06	0.44 ± 0.14	0.34	0.35 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.08	0.57
	Paretic	0.50 ± 0.12	0.55 ± 0.13	0.78	0.49 ± 0.10	0.55 ± 0.12	0.75	0.50 ± 0.12	0.52 ± 0.12	0.90

Results are expressed in mean ± standard deviation, from measurement using GAITRite® and FeetMe® Monitor over the three sequences of gait analysis: one single stride, 8 m, and 24 m. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated between gait parameters measured with GAITRite® and FeetMe® Monitor.

Table 3. Test–retest reliability of FeetMe® Monitor and GAITRite®

			One single stride								8 m									3 * 8 m
			GAITRite®				FeetMe®					GAITRite®				FeetMe®					GAITRite®				FeetMe®
Velocity			0.94	±	0.01		0.86	±	0.07			0.95	±	0.01		0.94	±	0.01			0.96	±	0.01		0.95	±	0.01
Stride length			0.94	±	0.02		0.88	±	0.04			0.95	±	0.01		0.93	±	0.02			0.96	±	0.01		0.95	±	0.02
Cadence			0.86	±	0.05		0.79	±	0.02			0.91	±	0.04		0.93	±	0.01			0.93	±	0.02		0.95	±	0.01
Stance duration
	Non-paretic		0.92	±	0.04		0.87	±	0.05			0.95	±	0.02		0.95	±	0.03			0.96	±	0.02		0.97	±	0.01
	Paretic		0.87	±	0.03		0.75	±	0.08			0.93	±	0.01		0.91	±	0.04			0.95	±	0.02		0.95	±	0.03
Swing duration
	Non-paretic		0.74	±	0.05		0.78	±	0.06			0.83	±	0.08		0.90	±	0.02			0.88	±	0.05		0.94	±	0.01
	Paretic		0.86	±	0.05		0.80	±	0.16			0.89	±	0.06		0.91	±	0.02			0.96	±	0.01		0.94	±	0.01

Test–retest reliability based on the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between gait parameters measured at the two sessions performed one week apart (test and retest) using GAITRite® and FeetMe® Monitor over the three sequences of gait analysis: one single stride, 8 m, and three 8-m trials. The results are expressed in mean ± standard deviation for the four raters (FeetMe values are in bold)

Table 4. Inter-rater reliability of FeetMe® Monitor and GAITRite®

	Test						Retest
	One single stride		8 m		3 * 8 m		One single stride		8 m		3 * 8 m
	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	GAITRite®	FeetMe®	GAITRite®	FeetMe®
Velocity	0.96	0.92	0.97	0.96	0.98	0.98	0.95	0.88	0.96	0.96	0.97	0.97
Stride Length	0.96	0.93	0.97	0.96	0.98	0.98	0.95	0.91	0.98	0.96	0.98	0.98
Cadence	0.94	0.91	0.96	0.96	0.98	0.98	0.93	0.87	0.95	0.94	0.97	0.97
Stance duration
Non-paretic	0.93	0.89	0.95	0.95	0.98	0.97	0.95	0.89	0.97	0.96	0.97	0.98
Paretic	0.90	0.79	0.94	0.95	0.97	0.98	0.92	0.84	0.95	0.91	0.97	0.96
Swing duration
Non-paretic	0.90	0.73	0.90	0.88	0.98	0.98	0.79	0.80	0.88	0.91	0.90	0.94
Paretic	0.87	0.74	0.84	0.90	0.98	0.98	0.86	0.77	0.96	0.91	0.96	0.98

Inter-rater reliability based on the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between gait parameters measured using GAITRite® and FeetMe® Monitor (in bold)  over the three sequences of gait analysis: one single stride, 8 m, and three 8-m trials at test and retest.