Regulation of the apolipoprotein M signaling pathway: a review

Figures & data

Table 1. Regulation of apoM expression and function. ↑ indicates an increased apoM expression level, and ↓ indicates a decreased apoM expression level.

Regulatory factors	ApoM expression	Functions	References
HNF-1ɑ	↑	Anti-inflammatory, anti-viral	[24,25,26]
HNF-4ɑ	↑	Promoted regeneration and mitigated fibrosis	[27]
LXR	↑ in intestine ↓ in liver	Regulated lipid metabolism	[28,29]
FOXA2	↑	Anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic	[30,31]
LRH-1	↑	Regulated bile acids metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis	[32,33]
PPARγ	↑	Regulated insulin sensitivity, maintained S1P homeostasis	[34,35]
LncRNA HCG11	↑	Inhibited laryngeal carcinoma progression	[36]
ABCA1	↑	Promoted HDL formation	[37]
ER-α	↑	Presumably associated with lipid metabolism	[38]
HCV	↓	Associated with HCV production	[26]
FXR/SHP	↓	Regulated bile acids metabolism	[32]
PPARβ/δ	↓	Regulated lipid metabolism	[39]
LncRNA TUG1	↓	Deteriorated atherosclerosis	[40]
TGF-β	↓	No further research	[41]

ApoM: apolipoprotein M; S1P: sphingosine 1-phosphate; HNF: hepatocyte nuclear factor; LXR: liver X receptor; LRH-1: liver receptor homolog-1; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; lncRNA HCG11: long non-coding RNA HLA complex group 11; lncRNA TUG1: long non-coding RNA taurine up-regulated gene 1; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; ER-α: estrogen receptor-α; HCV: hepatitis C virus; FXR: farnesoid X receptor; SHP: small heterodimer partner.

Figure 1. Regulation of the apoM signaling pathway. The regulatory factors regulate the expression levels of apoM directly or indirectly. ApoM binds to S1P and delivers it to S1PRs to serve an anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and vascular endothelial protective role. ApoM: apolipoprotein M; S1P: sphingosine 1-phosphate; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HNF: hepatocyte nuclear factor; LRH-1: liver receptor homolog-1; FXR: farnesoid X receptor; SHP: small heterodimer partner; LXR: liver X receptor; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; ER-α, estrogen receptor-α.

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