Abstract
Arizona is a mineral rich state that relies on a mix of surface and ground water supplies for drinking water requirements. Small, rural water systems relying on groundwater frequently encounter elevated metal(loid) measures, particularly inorganic arsenic (As +3, +5). Such contaminant occurrences can be associated with adverse health outcomes including cancers. The Hopi Environmental Health Project examined drinking water quality and water consumption behaviors from 76 homes on Hopi lands over a four-year period. Water samples were analyzed for 28 elements and compared to US Environmental Protection Agengy (EPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCL). Only municipal/piped water had a mean arsenic concentration (11.01 µg/L) exceeding the MCL (10.0 µg/L). All other water types and elements occurred below MCL when detected. A lifetime cancer and hazard quotient associated with arsenic consumption through each water type was performed and piped/municipal water was found to carry the greatest risks (9.96 cases per 10,000 people). Results from this study showed the potential for multiple contaminants to be present in drinking water from Hopi lands and the need for further health assessment of routine exposure to low doses of contaminant mixtures through drinking water.
Acknowledgements
We want to express our deepest appreciation to the Hopi Tribe for considering the project and to all project participants and their families for welcoming us into their homes. We are extremely grateful to our Hopi community partners, members of the Hopi Community Advisory Board, and the incredible Community Health Representatives and Field Technicians that made this project possible (Joyce Hamilton, Delores Ami, Elyse M3535onroe, Rose Namoki, Beatrice Norton, Madeline Sahneyah, Gayl Honanie, Alfonso Mahkewa, Sehoy Talaswaima, Philbert Poseyesva, Del Marino).
Disclosure statement
No conflict of interest has been reported by the authors.