Figures & data
Figure 1. Diagram of proposed mechanism of transport and metabolism for the fate of pyrethroid metabolites detected in saliva using permethrin as an example.
![Figure 1. Diagram of proposed mechanism of transport and metabolism for the fate of pyrethroid metabolites detected in saliva using permethrin as an example.](/cms/asset/00dbbe9c-856e-4d6e-9d5c-939bf278f455/bher_a_2329625_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2. Six pyrethroid metabolites commonly used in biological monitoring studies as analytes of interest for detection in saliva.
![Figure 2. Six pyrethroid metabolites commonly used in biological monitoring studies as analytes of interest for detection in saliva.](/cms/asset/3d51a7b5-6b61-4bfc-b555-70d047420af6/bher_a_2329625_f0002_b.jpg)
Table 1. Recoveries (%) for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method development of 100 ng/mL six pyrethroid metabolite mixture spiked in saliva, comparing mixing speed and extraction solvent.
Figure 3. Two saliva collection devices tested for this study: (A) SalivaBio® sample collection aide attached to 2 mL cryovial, and (B) salivette® sample collection device showing cotton swab and cap separate from collection device.
![Figure 3. Two saliva collection devices tested for this study: (A) SalivaBio® sample collection aide attached to 2 mL cryovial, and (B) salivette® sample collection device showing cotton swab and cap separate from collection device.](/cms/asset/af89b753-1852-4fa3-b275-c8dfc30b7501/bher_a_2329625_f0003_c.jpg)
Table 2. Retention time (RT), quantification (Q) ions and confirmation ions of six pyrethroid metabolites and three internal standards using gas chromatography – ion trap mass spectrometry in select ion storage mode.
Table 3. Questionnaire data including demographic information, occupational history, occupational and non-occupational exposures, and metabolic interferences of the study population.
Table 4. Intra-day (n = 7) and inter-day (n = 5) variation (%) of saliva methodology, limit of detection (LOD) (ng/mL) and detection frequencies (%) for six pyrethroid metabolites analyzed in pre-work (n = 9) and post-work (n = 8) saliva and pre-work (n = 9) and post-work urine (n = 9) of nine pest control operators before and after a full day of work.
Table 5. Mean concentrations (ng/mL) of six pyrethroid metabolites in pre- and post-work urine samples of nine pest control operators.
Figure 4. Comparison of mass spectra for 3PBA detected in (A) a pest control operator (PCO) saliva sample and (B) 10 ppb 3PBA-spiked saliva sample. Both spectra exhibit characteristic quantitation ions, 364 m/z and 169 m/z, and similar retention times.
![Figure 4. Comparison of mass spectra for 3PBA detected in (A) a pest control operator (PCO) saliva sample and (B) 10 ppb 3PBA-spiked saliva sample. Both spectra exhibit characteristic quantitation ions, 364 m/z and 169 m/z, and similar retention times.](/cms/asset/ce663a5e-4313-4ca6-afc0-8f3295cba3d1/bher_a_2329625_f0004_c.jpg)
Table 6. Biomonitoring studies assessing pesticide levels in saliva, population characteristics, methodology, and sample analysis.